WHAT IF ALL COMBUSTION ENGINES RAN ON THE SAME TYPE OF FUEL?

FROM: U.S. ARMY RESEARCH LABORATORY
   Photo Credit:  U.S. DOD.  ARL's Combustion Research Laboratory, located within the Vehicle Technology Directorate, enables unique research capability within DoD.

ARL opens unique combustion research lab, studies in JP-8 fuel could lead to "super engine" development

Studies are underway at the U.S. Army Research Laboratory (ARL) to create a 'super engine' that could allow military ground vehicles, stationary power generators, and small unmanned air vehicles, for example, to operate with the same kind of fuel.

In the late 1980s, the Department of Defense (DoD) issued its "Single Fuel Forward" policy calling for use of the kerosene-based JP-8 fuel to reduce the significant logistic burden associated with managing and transporting multiple fuels on the battlefield.

But using a single fuel exposes a host of incompatibility issues, namely in lubrication, large variation in Cetane numbers which measure the time period between the start of fuel injection and the start of engine ignition or combustion, and the fact that none of the engines that use JP-8 are designed – including their fuel systems - and calibrated for JP-8, said Dr. Chol-Bum "Mike" Kweon, acting team lead of the Engines Team of ARL's Vehicle Technology Directorate at Aberdeen Proving Ground (APG), Md.

He said this design gap is namely due to the fact that not enough information exists in industry and government on the specific combustion characteristics associated with JP-8's use in intermittent combustion engines.

"Usually large companies are not willing to develop engines specific for JP-8 because it requires significant effort and funding while the market for the military is relatively small and unstable. Therefore, relatively small companies have been developing JP-8-fueled engines for Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAV), while diesel engines are used for ground vehicle engines. Small companies do not have the capability to perform basic fundamental research," Kweon explained

ARL research is bridging that knowledge gap, which could eventually lead to the creation of an engine that operates optimally with JP-8.

"Fuel spray liquid penetration, quenching, vaporization, and mixing characteristics must be precisely understood to properly design combustion chambers and fuel injection systems because a fundamental understanding of fuel spray and combustion is essential in optimizing combustion processes of JP-8-fueled engines to improve fuel efficiency, engine performance and reliability," Kweon said.

ARL's Combustion Research Laboratory is a state-of-the-art, high-temperature and high-pressure combustion chamber that opened this summer for fuel spray and combustion research, critical areas of interest Defense-wide to facilitate the basic research and development work necessary for the successful development of JP-8-fueled combustion systems.

ARL is currently collaborating with Army Materiel Systems Analysis Activity to assess a fuel injector that is used in a Caterpillar C7 engine, used in Strykers. Results will define how fuel properties affect the performance of the fuel injection systems that are currently used in ground vehicle engines.

Unique laboratory, unmatched in industry


ARL's vehicle technology research dates back to the early 1980s in gas turbine engines, but when this research area relocated to APG in 2011 from NASA Glenn in Cleveland, Ohio, due to Base Realignment and Closure Activity, ARL broadened its vehicle technology focus to include internal combustion engines. This laboratory is accomplished with the ARL infrastructure fund that was awarded at the end of 2010.

The only combustion lab space of its kind in DoD, the Combustion Research Laboratory will also be used to facilitate the development of heavy fuel injection systems that will ultimately lead to the development of high-efficient UAV engines.

"Currently, there is no 'robust' heavy fuel injection system for UAV engines," said Kweon, who received Master of Science and doctorate degrees from the University of Wisconsin-Madison (UW-Madison), which has a big engine research program in its Engine Research Center. He conducted research on diesel engines, various fuels (diesel, alternative diesel fuels, diesel fuels mixed with gasoline streams, alcohols, etc.), combustion, emissions, speciation of diesel particulate matters, optical diagnostics, etc., as degree requirements.

ARL's combustion laboratory contains a high-temperature - up to 1,000 Kelvin (K) - and high-pressure - up to 150 bar -combustion chamber that can simulate real engine operating conditions except for fluid motion. This type of combustion chamber allows the investigation and study of uninterrupted spray and combustion processes.

"Currently, this is the only laboratory within DoD that has this capability," Kweon emphasized.

General Motors, in Warren, Mich., has the first generation of this chamber that has a 100 bar at 1,000 K - and Caterpillar, in Peoria, Ill., has its second generation, which offers 150 bar at 1,000 K.

ARL has a third generation chamber.

The ARL facility also has air and onsite nitrogen supply systems in which we can control oxygen concentration from 0 (almost pure nitrogen) to 21% (pure air) in the gas mixing system. Through the high-pressure compressor, air, nitrogen, or a mixture of air and nitrogen can be supplied to the combustion chamber at pressures over 300 bar(g) to study spray only, spray and combustion, or to simulate exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) that is common in current engines.

"However, we use only 150 bar(g) in the combustion chamber because this represents most of turbocharged internal combustion engine operating conditions. Sandia National Laboratories, NM and Michigan Technological University have a different type of combustion chamber (i.e., constant volume chamber) that has similar capabilities to the one at ARL in terms of temperature and pressure".

"The main difference is that the one at ARL is a flow-through type combustion chamber that controls chamber pressure, temperature, and flowrate (very slow compared to fuel injection velocity) at set points in the test section, while the constant volume chamber has varying chamber temperature and pressure as it uses premixed combustion gases. And the injection frequency is much higher for a flow-through chamber than the constant volume chamber. Therefore, we can perform multiple injections per cycle and perform testing much faster in the flow-through chamber than in the constant volume chamber," said Kweon, who was formerly employed at General Motors R&D in Warren, Mich., and at GM Powertrain in Pontiac, Mich., where he conducted research in cylinder pressure-based control. For that research, Kweon and several former colleagues developed more than 21 intellectual properties. Currently, he has 30 intellectual properties that include 19 patents, seven patent applications, three patents pending, and one tool method invention.

The new laboratory will also be used to assess the performance of heavy fuel injection systems for various fuels such as JP-8, diesel, bio, and synthetic fuels; investigate the impact of various fuel properties on spray and combustion processes, ultimately on engine performance and efficiency; assess the impact of the aging of fuel injection systems on the engine performance and fuel efficiency, especially for ground vehicle engines and assess JP-8 surrogate fuels that are being formulated under the various DoD programs.

"This laboratory has a unique capability to assess the various JP-8 surrogate fuels and to compare the results with the combustion mechanisms developed by various universities and government laboratories," said Kweon.

"This will help the scientists and researchers to develop a universal JP-8 combustion mechanism. This laboratory will be used to generate spray and combustion database that will be needed for the development and validation of computation fluid dynamics (CFD) models for engine spray and combustion processes to support the development of advanced concepts and practical designs. These CFD models will be used to optimize internal combustion engines for both UAS and ground vehicles in terms of injector parameters and combustion chamber designs. These research efforts will enable UAS engines to efficiently run on heavy fuels such as JP-8."

"The combustion research laboratory was commissioned this year and is up and running. I am confident that this laboratory will be a critical asset to the Army and DoD to support the development and/or advancement of various ground and UAV engines," Kweon said.

COLOMBIAN PROSECUTOR EXTRADITED TO U.S. FOR ALLEGED DRUG TRAFFICKING

Map Credit:  U.S. State Department.
FROM: U.S. DEPARTMENT OF JUSTICE 

Monday, October 15, 2012
Former Colombian Prosecutor Pleads Guilty to Role in International Drug Trafficking Conspiracy

WASHINGTON – A former Colombian prosecutor pleaded guilty today to providing law enforcement information to drug traffickers as part of a conspiracy to import cocaine into the United States, announced Assistant Attorney General Lanny A. Breuer of the Justice Department’s Criminal Division and U.S. Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA) Special Agent in Charge Mark R. Trouville of the Miami Field Division.

Ramiro Anturi Larrahondo, 55, a Colombian national, pleaded guilty before U.S. District Judge John D. Bates in the District of Columbia to one count of conspiracy to distribute five kilograms or more of cocaine, knowing and intending that the cocaine would be illegally imported into the United States. The plea agreement is subject to court approval.

Anturi Larrahondo is the first Colombian prosecutor ever to be extradited to the United States.

"Ramiro Anturi Larrahondo used his position as a Colombian prosecutor to leak sensitive law enforcement intelligence to large-scale drug traffickers in exchange for his own personal enrichment," said Assistant Attorney General Breuer. "Anturi Larrahondo undermined international law enforcement operations and betrayed the trust placed in him by the Colombian government. As the first case ever in which a Colombian prosecutor is being extradited to the United States, this matter shows how dogged we are in our pursuit of narcotics traffickers and how determined we are to hold accountable those smuggling drugs into this country."

"The DEA will not tolerate any acts that put our agents’ lives in jeopardy," said DEA Special Agent in Charge Trouville. "Mr. Anturi Larrahondo will now face the consequences of his criminal conduct to assist drug traffickers."

Anturi Larrahondo was indicted by a federal grand jury on Jan. 26, 2010, in the District of Columbia. According to court documents, in 2009, while serving as a Colombian prosecutor, Anturi Larrahondo provided sensitive law enforcement investigative information to a major Colombian maritime drug trafficking organization.

According to Anturi Larrahondo’s plea agreement, the drug trafficking organization Anturi Larrahondo conspired with was responsible for transporting cocaine by go-fast vessels from the port city of Buenaventura, Colombia, to Central America, with the ultimate destination being the United States. During the investigation, Colombian judicial wire intercepts recorded Anturi Larrahondo speaking to representatives of the drug trafficking organization and a DEA cooperating source regarding financial payments to Anturi Larrahondo, delivery of documents to the drug trafficking organization and the coordination of meetings between Anturi Larrahondo and representatives of the drug trafficking organization.

As part of his plea agreement, Anturi Larrahondo admitted he received regular monthly payments from the Colombian drug trafficking organization in order for the drug traffickers to find out what, if any, criminal investigation the governments of Colombia or the United States were conducting against the drug traffickers. Anturi Larrahondo further admitted that he received the corrupt payments in order to protect the drug trafficking organization from law enforcement. Members of the Colombian drug trafficking organization made regular monthly cash payments to Anturi Larrahondo of 21 million pesos, the equivalent of approximately $10,000 in U.S. currency.

Anturi Larrahondo’s sentencing hearing has been scheduled for Nov. 26, 2012.

This case is being prosecuted by Trial Attorneys Mark Maldonado, Stephen May and Stephen Sola of the Criminal Division’s Narcotic and Dangerous Drug Section, with significant assistance from the section’s judicial attaches in Bogota, Colombia, the Criminal Division’s Office of International Affairs and the Prosecutor General’s Office of the Republic of Colombia. The case was investigated by DEA’s Bogota Country Office and the Miami Field Division, in coordination with the Judicial Police of the Prosecutor General’s Office in Colombia and the Colombian National Police.

U.S. JUSTICE DEPARTMENT SETTLES IMMIGRATION AND NATIONALITY ACT DISPUTE WITH LAS VEGAS CASINO

Slot Machines.  Credit:  Wikimedia Commons.

FROM: U.S. DEPARTMENT OF JUSTICE
Wednesday, October 10, 2012

Justice Department Settles Lawsuit Against Las Vegas Casino for Unfair Documentary Practices

The Justice Department today reached an agreement with Tuscany Hotel and Casino LLC in Las Vegas resolving a lawsuit alleging that the company discriminated in the employment eligibility verification and re-verification process. The Immigration and Nationality Act (INA) requires employers to treat all authorized workers equally during the hiring, firing and employment eligibility verification process, regardless of their national origin or citizenship status.

The department’s case, filed on May 11, 2012, alleged that Tuscany treated non-citizens differently from U.S. citizens during the employment eligibility verification and reverification process. The complaint alleged the casino required non-citizen employees to provide more or different documents or information than it required from citizen employees during the initial employment eligibility verification process. According to the complaint, the company then used the documents or information it gathered to impose improper document requests on non-citizens during the reverification process as a condition of continued employment. The complaint further alleged that the casino subjected non-citizen employees’ documents to a heightened review process by senior human resources representatives that was not applied to documents presented by U.S. citizens.

Under the settlement agreement, Tuscany will pay $49,000 in civil penalties to the United States and full back pay to a victim. In addition to corrective action already taken, Tuscany also agrees to implement new employment eligibility verification policies and procedures that treat all employees equally regardless of citizenship status, conduct training of its human resources staff on their responsibilities to avoid discrimination in the employment eligibility verification process, and be subject to reporting and monitoring requirements.

"Employers may not treat authorized workers differently during the employment eligibility verification and reverification process based on their citizenship status or national origin," said Thomas E. Perez, Assistant Attorney General for the Civil Rights Division. "I am pleased that Tuscany Hotel and Casino has worked cooperatively with the department to reach an amicable resolution, and encourage the casino industry to include the anti-discrimination provision of the INA as an integral part of part of their statutory and regulatory compliance program."

GRANTS ANNOUNCED TO HELP REDUCE CHILD LABOR IN ECUADOR AND PANAMA

In Ecuador:  A statue of the "Virgin of the Apocalypse" on El Panecillo (Bread Loaf Hill), overlooking Quito. The 45 m- (148 ft-) tall aluminum statue depicts the Virgin Mary with wings. From: CIA World Factbook.

FROM: U.S. DEPARTMENT OF LABOR

US Department of Labor announces $10 million in funding to reduce child labor in Ecuador and Panama, solicits grant applications

WASHINGTON — The U.S. Department of Labor's Bureau of International Labor Affairs is seeking eligible applicants under two competitive grant solicitations to implement projects that will reduce child labor in Ecuador and Panama.

Under the first solicitation, ILAB will award $6.5 million to reduce child labor in Ecuador and Panama by providing education to children as well as livelihood services for their households that help decrease families' dependence on child labor to meet basic needs. Under the second solicitation, ILAB will award $3.5 million to strengthen policy and enforcement efforts that will reduce child labor in these countries. In Ecuador, these grants also will support policies and services that address the education and livelihood needs of child laborers affected by disabilities.

Eligible applicants may submit proposals for one or both solicitations. Applicants responding to either solicitation must respond to the entire scope of work and demonstrate a proven ability to manage complex projects designed to improve the lives of children.

Applications must be submitted by Nov. 15 at 5 p.m. EST electronically via http://www.grants.gov or as hard copies to the U.S. Department of Labor, Office of Procurement Services, 200 Constitution Ave. NW, Room S-4307, Washington, DC 20210, Attention: Brenda White and James Kinslow.

Congress has appropriated funds for ILAB to conduct technical cooperation projects to combat child labor internationally. ILAB grants help rescue children from exploitative labor and strengthen the capacity of governments to address the issue in a sustainable way.

U.S. Department of Defense Armed with Science Update: Rapid Detection of Nerve Agents

U.S. Department of Defense Armed with Science Update

NEWS FROM AFGHANISTAN FOR OCTOBER 17, 2012

FROM: U.S. DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE

U.S. Soldiers, Afghan Police Conduct Operation in Kandahar
ProvinceU.S. Army Pfc. Alex Villatora loads supplies into a Stryker armored vehicle before a mission to support Operation Southern Fist, which Afghan border police will lead, in the Spin Boldak district in Afghanistan's Kandahar province, Sept. 28, 2012. Villatora, a infantryman, is assigned to the 2nd Infantry Division's 5th Battalion, 20th Infantry Regiment. U.S. Army photo by Staff Sgt. Brendan Mackie

　
Afghan-led Security Force Arrests Taliban Leader
From an International Security Assistance Force Joint Command News Release

KABUL, Afghanistan, Oct. 17, 2012 - An Afghan-led security force, supported by coalition troops, arrested a Taliban senior leader in Afghanistan's Kandahar province today, military officials reported.

The Taliban leader controlled Taliban assassination attempts, improvised explosive device operations, and suicide-bomb attacks in the province's Kandahar district, officials said.

The security force also detained several suspected insurgents and seized IED-making materials.

In Afghanistan operations yesterday:

-- Afghan special police, enabled by coalition forces, recovered 15 rocket-propelled grenade warheads and 660 pounds of hashish in Uruzgan province.

-- Afghan and coalition forces saw two insurgents burying an IED in Logar province and killed them with a precision airstrike.

-- In Nangarhar province, Afghan and coalition forces killed five people seen engaging in insurgent activity.

THE U.S. AIR FORCE: IT IS NOT JUST ABOUT WAR

FROM: U.S. DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE
A U.S. Air Force combat controller prepares to contact the special tactics operation center by radio while conducting a drop zone survey in Port-au-Prince, Haiti, Jan. 24, 2010, during Operation Unified Response. (U.S. Air Force photo by Master Sgt. Jeremy Lock)

Tech. Sgt. Lem Torres, 38th Rescue Squadron pararecueman, and a young boy are lifted to safety from the roof of the child’s flooded home after Hurricane Katrina in August 2005 (U.S. Air Force photo by Staff Sgt. Manuel J. Martinez)

U.S. FEDERAL PERSONS FEEDING AMERICANS

Service members generously donate toward the Feds Feed Family campaign during the Aug. 15, 2012, Cover the Map Rally. Defense Department Washington Headquarters Services courtesy photo.

'Feds Feed Families' Breaks Donation Record
By Claudette Roulo
American Forces Press Service

WASHINGTON, Oct. 15, 2012 - The Defense Department's 2012 contribution to the "Feds Feed Families" campaign surpassed all expectations, Paige Hinkle-Bowles, deputy assistant secretary of defense for civilian personnel policy, said Oct. 12 during an interview with American Forces Press Service.

More than 2 million pounds of nonperishable food items were donated by DOD agencies during this year's campaign, she said, a record amount for the department.

Feds Feed Families is a governmentwide campaign sponsored by the Office of Personnel Management and the Chief Human Capital Officers Council. The total contribution across all agencies was more than 7 million pounds, Aimee Scanlon, the Defense Department's champion for Feds Feed Families, said.

Across government, participation in the program continues to grow, she said, noting that this year's contributions amounted to an increase of more than 2 million pounds over last year.

"I think that we are fortunate in DOD to have an opportunity to be one of the leaders in this [program]," Scanlon added.

Nationally, more than 300 food banks received donations through Defense Department contributions to Feds Feed Families, Hinkle-Bowles said.

"In the national capital region, we partnered with the Capital Area Food Bank and served 700 food pantries in the D.C., Virginia and Maryland area," she said.

The program provides nonperishable items to families during the summer, providing a critical buffer when children might not have access to school lunch programs, she said. "That is one of the big benefits," she added.

"We're very appreciative of everyone's support, across the total force" she said. "It's a great way to show our support to the communities where we serve."

While several people contributed extraordinary amounts of food items, Hinkle-Bowles said, every little bit helps. "For everybody who helped, we really appreciate the support."

Hinkle-Bowles said that about a third of this year's collections came through donations at commissaries -- a partnership she noted helps the program reach beyond active duty service members and into the retiree population.

In addition to donations, the Defense Department provided logistical support to other government agencies to help in transporting foodstuffs, Hinkle-Bowles said.

The campaign runs annually, usually from June through August, but anyone looking for ways to support the community outside the campaign period can find resources at the Feds Feed Families website, Scanlon said.

"It's really been amazing that, even after the campaign has ended, I've gotten a lot of inquiries about staying engaged and continuing to help," she said. "It definitely has sparked and encouraged a lot of spirit of giving."

U.S. JUSTICE DEPARTMENT FILES LAWSUIT REGARDING DISCRIMINATION AGAINST FAMILIES WITH CHILDREN

FROM: U.S. DEPARTMENT OF JUSTICE

Wednesday, October 10, 2012

Justice Department Files Fair Housing Lawsuit Against Florida Homeowners Association and Management Company for Discrimination Against Families with Children

The Justice Department today filed a lawsuit against the homeowners association and former manager of a 249-townhome community in Gibsonton, Fla., for violating the Fair Housing Act by discriminating against families with children.

The lawsuit, filed in the U.S. District Court for the Middle District of Florida, charges that Townhomes of Kings Lake HOA Inc. engaged in a pattern or practice of violating the Fair Housing Act by adopting, maintaining, ratifying, and, along with Vanguard Management Group Inc., enforcing occupancy standards unduly limiting the number of individuals who can reside in the townhomes. The suit also charges that the defendants violated the Fair Housing Act by threatening to evict a couple and their six minor children from the four-bedroom townhome they were renting and by taking other actions to interfere with their tenancy.

"The Fair Housing Act ensures that families with children have an equal right to use and enjoy housing of their choice," said Thomas E. Perez, Assistant Attorney General for the Civil Rights Division. "The Justice Department will continue its vigorous enforcement of fair housing laws that protect the rights of families with children."

The lawsuit arose when the family filed a complaint with the Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD). After the family had moved into the home, the management company and the homeowners association indicated there was a problem with the number of children living there. The defendants’ occupancy policy allowed only six individuals to occupy the home, which was far more stringent than what Hillsborough County permitted. The homeowners association also adopted similarly restrictive limitations on the number of individuals who could live in two- and three-bedroom townhomes in Kings Lake. After HUD investigated the complaint, it issued a charge of discrimination and the matter was referred to the Justice Department.

"Housing providers may set occupancy standards but those standards cannot be so restrictive that they exclude families who, based on a home’s overall size and configuration, should be able to live there," said John Trasviña, HUD Assistant Secretary for Fair Housing and Equal Opportunity. "HUD and the Department of Justice are committed to taking action against anyone who unlawfully denies housing to families with children."

The lawsuit seeks a court order prohibiting future discrimination by the defendants, monetary damages for those harmed by the defendants’ actions, and a civil penalty. Any individuals who have information relevant to this case are urged to contact the Housing and Civil Enforcement Section of the Civil Rights Division at 1-800-896-7743.

The federal Fair Housing Act prohibits discrimination in housing on the basis of race, color, religion, sex, familial status, national origin and disability.

WATER RUNOFF AND MICROBIAL POPULATIONS AT POLAR REGIONS, PALMER STATION

FROM: NATIONAL SCIENCE FOUNDATION 

The field team that conducted the microbe research receive training in cold-water rescue and safe boat-handling procedures at NSF's Palmer Station on the Antarctic Peninsula.
Credit-Alison E. Murray, Desert Research Institute

Freshwater Flows Into the Arctic and Southern Oceans Appear to Determine the Composition of Microbial Populations
October 10, 2012
Differing contributions of freshwater from glaciers and streams to the Arctic and Southern oceans appear to be responsible for the fact that the majority of microbial communities that thrive near the surface at the Poles share few common members, according to an international team of researchers, some of whom were supported by the National Science Foundation (NSF).

In a paper published in the Oct. 8 edition of the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (PNAS), the researchers report that only 25 percent of the taxonomic groups identified by genetic sequencing that are found at the surface of these waters are common between the two polar oceans. The differences were not as pronounced among microbes deeper in the oceans, with a 40 percent commonality for those populations.

The findings were produced by research supported by NSF during the International Polar Year 2007-2009 (IPY), a global scientific deployment that involved scientists from more than 60 nations. NSF was the lead U.S. agency for the IPY.

"Some of the DNA samples were collected during "Oden Southern Ocean 2007-2008," a unique collaborative effort between NSF's Office of Polar Programs and the Swedish Polar Research Secretariat to perform oceanographic research in the difficult-to-reach and poorly studied Amundsen Sea," said Patricia Yager, a researcher at the University of Georgia and a co-author on the paper.

The Oden cruise was among the first IPY deployments. In addition, some of the samples used in the research were gathered as part of NSF's Life in Extreme Environments Program.

The Polar regions often are described as being, in many ways, mirror images of one another--the Arctic being a ocean surrounded by continental landmasses, while Antarctica is a continent surrounded by an ocean--but the new findings add a biological nuance to those comparisons.

"We believe that differences in environmental conditions at the poles and different selection mechanisms were at play in controlling surface and deep ocean community structure between polar oceans," said Alison Murray of the Desert Research Institute in Reno, Nev., and a co-author on the PNAS paper. "Not surprisingly, the Southern and Arctic oceans are nearest neighbors to each other when compared with communities from lower latitude oceans."

One of the most notable differences in environmental conditions between the two polar oceans is freshwater input. In the Southern Ocean, glacial melt water accounts for most of the freshwater that flows into the systems. In contrast, the Arctic Ocean receives much bigger pulses of freshwater from several large river systems with huge continental drainage basins, in addition to glacial melt water.

The group found that the differences between the poles were most pronounced in the microbial communities sampled from the coastal regions. "This likely is a result of the significant differences in freshwater sourcing to the two polar oceans," said Jean-François Ghiglione, lead author of the article and professor at the Observatoire Océanologique in Banyuls-Sur-Mer, France.

While the surface microbial communities appear to be dominated by environmental selection, such as through the freshwater inputs, the deep communities are more constrained by historical events and connected through oceanic circulation, providing evidence for biogeographically defined communities in the global ocean, according to the authors.

The team compared 20 samples from the Southern Ocean and 24 from the Arctic from both surface and deep waters. They also included an additional 48 samples from lower latitudes to investigate the polar signal in global marine bacterial biogeography.

The researchers specifically compared samples from coastal and open oceans and between winter and summer, to test whether or how environmental conditions and dispersal patterns shape communities in the polar oceans. Samples were processed and analyzed using an identical approach, based on a special technique of DNA sequencing called pyrosequencing, involving more than 800,000 sequences from the 92 samples.

"Our analyses identified a number of key organisms in both poles in the surface and deep ocean waters that are important in driving the differences between the communities," Murray said. "Further research is needed to address the ecological and evolutionary processes underlying these patterns."

The collaborative research was the result of an international effort coordinated by Murray, that involved national polar research programs from six countries--Canada, France, New Zealand, Spain, Sweden and the United States. Support for the work also came from the Sloan Foundation's Census of Marine Life program, which stimulated field efforts at both poles and a separate program targeting marine microbes, the International Census of Marine Microbes, that developed the approach and conducted the sequencing effort.

"The collective energies required to bring this study to fruition were remarkable," Murray said. "Through using similar strategies and technologies from sample collection through next- generation sequencing, we have a highly comparable, unprecedented dataset that for the first time has really allowed us to look in depth across a relatively large number of samples into the similarities of the microbial communities between the two polar oceans."

-NSF-

US Navy Videos: Honoring Navy's 237th Birthday in Hawaii

US Navy Videos

AIR FORCE SPACE COMMAND LEADER SPEAKS AT 11TH ANNUAL AIR FORCE IT DAY

Credit: U.S. Air Force

FROM: U.S. DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE
AFSPC commander speaks at 11th Annual Air Force IT Day event

by 1st Lt. Connie Dillon
Air Force Space Command Public Affairs

10/12/2012 - PETERSON AIR FORCE BASE, Colo. -- General William L. Shelton, commander of Air Force Space Command, was a featured speaker at the Northern Virginia Chapter of the Armed Forces Communication and Electronics Association's 11th Annual Air Force IT Day event at the Sheraton Premiere Hotel in Tysons Corner, Va., on Oct. 11.

General Shelton addressed attendees at the annual one day conference, calling for more definition and articulation of solutions for a wide range of strategic issues facing AFSPC and the broader Air Force cyberspace enterprise. His comments included further defining cyberspace and the Air Force role in this new, accelerated warfighting domain.

"First and foremost, we are still grappling with defining cyberspace in a way that's effective and promotes understanding across the Air Force," said General Shelton. "Our actual working definition is still evolving as we gain more operational experience and understanding"

General Shelton described multiple organizations' various definitions of "cyberspace" and how it created confusion in roles, functions and "lanes in the road" due to the lack of precision in operating definitions. He said that there is a need to find a definition that provides a common, fundamental understanding for all developers, operators and stakeholders in the cyberspace enterprise.

"We owe it to our people, from the most junior Airman to the Secretary and Chief of Staff, to narrowly define what we mean when we talk about cyber, and once we've arrived at that agreed upon working definition, we must clearly communicate it to the field," he said.

Pursuant to that discussion, General Shelton brought up the interest to further define the Air Force's role in cyberspace.

"Every military operation, across the entire spectrum of conflict, relies on the cyber domain. We, like the rest of the Services, have huge equities in this domain," he said.

General Shelton discussed the cycle of questions that lead to additional questions about the Air Force's role in cyberspace. These questions bring up topics to include: the scope of our focus in the cyberspace domain, the major implications that the change of focus would have for Title 10/50 authorities, the decisions of whether or not the Air Force or other organizations will cover certain "high end" services, and the impact of those decisions on the force structure and capabilities presented to the U.S. Cyber Command.

"As you can tell, there are some basic decisions we'll need to make, relative to how we stake out our proper role in cyberspace. As a guiding principle in all of our decisions, it's incumbent on us in this community to convert our terminology into plain English" said General Shelton. "General Welsh has challenged us with avoiding confusing language, not only in cyber, but in all aspects of the Air Force, and we should be able to tell our story without the complication of insider terms of art."

The general also highlighted the need to provide cyberspace mission assurance in the increasingly challenged cyberspace domain.

"Cyber capability has developed over the past 40 to 50 years in a relatively benign, permissive environment, but it's no longer a very benign operating domain," said General Shelton. "Now we face a continuously changing landscape of threats, adversaries, and technologies. The cost of entry is low, anonymity is high, and attribution is difficult at best."

Anonymity, explained General Shelton, enables so much nefarious cyber activity today.

"State-sponsored attackers, criminal hackers, criminal elements hired by states, hackers who like to tweak our noses just for fun--there is no shortage of adversaries out there every day," he said.

General Shelton related the need to move our focus from information assurance to mission assurance, invoking concepts from Sun Tzu.

"If you try to protect everything, you'll succeed at defending nothing," he said. "We can't defend everywhere all at once, so we have to identify nodes and systems that are critical to mission assurance. We've got to carefully prioritize what assets, what data, which data path, we will protect in extremis."

"As you can see, we are shifting our focus from traditional cyber defense and information assurance, where there are too many gates to guard, to a strategy of resilience, layered defense, and mission assurance," said General Shelton.

General Shelton touched on strategies for recruiting, training, and retaining the cyber talent necessary across the entire Total Force, and the role of industry in an evolving cyberspace Acquisitions environment that demands rapid development times more relevant to cyberspace reality.

In closing, General Shelton noted the sense of urgency to figure out cyberspace now and get on a common vector.

"We've clearly only begun to take the initial steps toward really defining the operating domain, our Air Force role, the people we need, the focus we need, and the industry relationships we need," he said. "We may just be past the 'crawling' stage and into the 'walking' stage of cyber, but we need to step up smartly and start running."

This year's theme for the 11th Annual Air Force IT Day event was "The Joint Fight--Mission Success through Cyberspace."

THE OLDEST EXAMPLE OF A SUPERNOVA

FROM:  NASA
All That Remains


Infrared images from NASA's Spitzer Space Telescope and the Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer, or WISE, were combined in this image of RCW 86, the dusty remains of the oldest documented example of an exploding star, or supernova. It shows light from both the remnant itself and unrelated background light from our Milky Way galaxy. The colors in the image allow astronomers to distinguish between the remnant and galactic background, and determine exactly which structures belong to the remnant.

Dust associated with the blast wave of the supernova appears red in this image, while dust in the background appears yellow and green. Stars in the field of view appear blue. By determining the temperature of the dust in the red circular shell of the supernova remnant, which marks the extent to which the blast wave from the supernova has traveled since the explosion, astronomers were able to determine the density of the material there, and conclude that RCW 86 must have exploded into a large, wind-blown cavity.

Image Credit-NASA-JPL-Caltech-UCLA

WIND TURBINES SAVING BIG MONEY FOR U.S. AIR FORCE STATION

Two wind turbines, similar to the ones pictured here, are being installed near the 6th Space Warning Squadron, one of the 21st Space Wing’s many geographically separated units. The new turbines will be used to power the PAVE Phased Array Warning System and are expected to cut the station’s energy cost by 50 percent. The installation of the wind turbines will put Cape Cod AFS in line with the Air Force’s goal of using 25 percent renewable energy by 2025. (U.S. Air Force photo)

FROM: U.S. DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE
by Lea Johnson
21st Space Wing Public Affairs staff writer
Cape Cod wind turbines bring big savings

10/9/2012 - CAPE COD AIR FORCE STATION, Mass. -- Change is blowing into Cape Cod Air Force Station as two new wind turbines are installed at the 6th Space Warning Squadron, saving an estimated $1 million a year in energy costs.

According to Steve Mellin, 6th SWS support officer, the installation of the wind turbines will put Cape Cod AFS in line with the Air Force's goal of using 25 percent renewable energy by 2025.

"Where we're stationed here on the Massachusetts seashore, there is extremely high potential to generate wind energy. We're in one of the better spots on the east coast to take advantage of the wind energy," he said.

Two other organizations on the Massachusetts Military Reservation, which hosts the 6th SWS, use wind energy. The new turbines, numbers four and five on the MMR, will be used to power the PAVE Phased Array Warning System, Mellin said.

The turbines are expected to cut the station's energy cost by 50 percent.

The project is being funded by the Fiscal Year 12 Energy Conservation Investment Program and is expected to pay for itself within 12 years, according to the Air Force Facility Energy Center. The Air Force will receive free energy for the remainder of the 20- to 25-year life of the turbines.

In addition to saving money, the turbines will also reduce air pollution. Each turbine will reduce air emissions by more than 1,000 metric tons of sulfur dioxide, nitrogen oxide and carbon dioxide annually according to AFCESA.

"It will cut down the greenhouse gases and not burn so much oil to generate power," Mellin said.

Another benefit to the location of the wind turbines is they will not be disruptive of any residential areas.

"We aren't in an area where we have residential houses close," Mellin said. "In fact, one of the closest houses to the turbines is my personal house, and we don't see the turbines, we don't hear them, we don't get any of the (reflection) off the blades."

The project is expected to be complete by November 2013.

9/11 COURT HEARING CONTINUES



USS New York Passes Near Ground Zero In NYC.  Photo Credit:  U.S. Marine Corps

FROM: U.S. DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE

3 Detainees Skip Court as 9/11 Hearing Continues

By Donna Miles
American Forces Press Service

FORT MEADE, Md., Oct. 16, 2012 - Three of the five defendants charged with planning and conducting the 9/11 terrorist attacks took advantage of yesterday's military court ruling and sat out of their pre-trial hearing today as the judge granted them broad latitude regarding what they can wear when they do choose to appear in court.

On the second of what is expected to be a five-day hearing at Naval Air Station Guantanamo Bay, Cuba, the judge, Army Col. James Pohl, also took up what is considered a main issue: how to proceed with the trial without compromising classified information.

Khalid Sheik Mohammed, the self-proclaimed mastermind of the attacks, Ali Abdul Aziz Ali, and Mustafa Ahmed Adam al Hawsawi waived their right to attend the second day of pre-trial hearings. Based on Pohl's ruling, the waivers apply to one day only, and the defendants must repeat the process the morning of any court session they wish to skip.

Today, Walid Muhammad Salih Mubarak bin Attash and Ramzi Binalshibh were the only defendants to sit in the courtroom with their defense attorneys.

Pohl opened today's hearing by ruling that the accused can wear pretty much what they want to their court proceedings, including camouflage clothing that both Mohammed and bin Attash have requested. Pohl stipulated, however, that the clothes must not be legitimate U.S. military uniform items and, if prison garb, must not be in a color that misrepresents the detainee's security status. The judge said he would issue the ruling in writing to spell out details.

Mohammed's military defense attorney, Army Capt. Jason Wright, argued that the accused should be able to dress to reflect their affiliations. He noted, for example, that Mohammed wore a uniform as a member of the mujahedeen during the Soviet occupation of Afghanistan and during operations in Bosnia-Herzegovina.

Army Maj. Joshua Kirk, representing the Defense Department, argued that no legal precedent gives prisoners "the unfettered right to wear clothing of their own choosing." He noted that a former Joint Task Force Guantanamo commander had issued specific dress guidelines both as a force-protection measure and to ensure detainees don't use their attire to make an inflammatory statement.

Pohl affirmed the JTF Guantanamo commander's authority to designate what detainees can wear in detention and when transported to court proceedings, but not inside the courtroom.

Much of today's hearing focused on how to proceed with the military tribunal without divulging classified information. The prosecution has asked for a protective order that includes "presumptive classification," which essentially means that anything the defendants say is treated as classified unless it is proven otherwise.

Justice Department Attorney Joanna Baltes said the presumptive classification measure helps ensure the government can prosecute the case without disclosing classified information that threatens U.S. national security.

However, Navy Lt. Cdr. Kevin Bogucki, Binalshibh's military defense attorney, called it "a scheme" that prevents detainees from testifying about everything that has happened to them since they were taken into U.S. custody, particularly in the hands of the CIA.

"It puts up barriers" and "makes this job impossible," agreed Cheryl Bormann, bin Attash's learned counsel, an attorney appointed by the Defense Department who has specialized training and experience in capital cases.

Baltes said a court security officer or other official could operate as a middleman, serving as a neutral party to smooth issues between the defense teams and intelligence agencies.

James Connell, learned counsel for Abdul Aziz Ali, argued that the defense team needs a security official to help them identify what information might be classified. "We need a mechanism for privileged classification review and we don't have it," he said. "I don't care what you call it or how you organize it. We need it."

David Schulz, a media lawyer representing 14 news organizations, argued that the draft protective order would violate the public's constitutional right to information. The issue, he said, boils down to whether the public's constitutional right to observe and attend court proceedings extends to the military tribunals.

"We don't have secret trials in this country," Schulz told Pohl. "We, as a country, take the guarantee of open trials very seriously."

Schulz said closed sessions are appropriate when necessary to protect information that, if released, could substantially impact national security. However, he pressed for a narrow definition of what issues are important enough to override the public's constitutional rights and warrant closed sessions.

Hina Shamsi, representing the American Civil Liberties Union, also argued against what she called a thinly veiled effort to censor the defendants' testimony about their torture and detention while in U.S. custody.

The ACLU filed a motion in May asking the commission to bar a delayed audio feed of the proceedings or promptly release an uncensored transcript.

"There is an ongoing public debate about the fairness and transparency of the Guantánamo military commissions," Shamsi said of the motion. "And if the government succeeds in imposing its desired censorship regime, the commissions will certainly not be seen as legitimate."

Pre-trial sessions are expected to continue through Oct. 19. Pohl said he plans to schedule one week of pre-trial hearings in December, January, February and March to iron out administrative and legal issues before the actual trial begins later next year.

All five of the dependents were captured in Pakistan between 2002 and 2003 and have been confined at Guantanamo Bay since 2006.

They were charged during their arraignment in May with terrorism, conspiracy, attacking civilians, attacking civilian objects, intentionally causing serious bodily injury, murder in violation of the law of war, destruction of property in violation of the law of war, hijacking or hazarding a vessel or aircraft. If found guilty, they could receive the death penalty.

The proceedings are being broadcast via closed-circuit television to a media center here at Fort Meade and at several other military bases around the country.

Moms’ lives, kids’ teeth

Moms’ lives, kids’ teeth

U.S. STATE DELPARTMENT DAILY BRIEFING

http://www.google.com/url?q=http://www.addthis.com/bookmark.php&sa=D&sntz=1&usg=AFQjCNFYzDlKeLL_IMEm7XBQrYQa1f17Zg

NEWS FROM AFGHANISTAN FOR OCTOBER 16, 2012

Photo Credit:  U.S. Marine Corps

FROM: U.S. DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE

Coalition Expresses Regret for Possible Civilian Casualties
Compiled from International Security Assistance Force and ISAF Joint Command News Releases

WASHINGTON, Oct. 16, 2012 - International Security Assistance Force officials today expressed regret that an Oct. 14 coalition operation against suspected insurgents planting roadside bombs in the Nawa district of Afghanistan's Helmand province may have killed three Afghan civilians.

"The coalition extends its deep regret for this tragic incident," officials said in a written statement issued from ISAF headquarters in the Afghan capital of Kabul. "We also extend our sympathies to the families and loved ones of those who died, and we take full responsibility for what occurred."

Officials said the coalition will work closely with Afghan officials to determine what happened and why, and that they also will meet with the family members of those who died to personally express ISAF's regret and condolences.

The operation did not involve close air support as reported in some media, officials said, adding that the incident remains under investigation.

In Afghanistan operations today:

-- A combined Afghan and coalition security force in Nangarhar province arrested a Taliban leader who commanded Taliban fighters and had a direct role in the movement and escape of an insider-attack shooter across Afghan borders. The security force also detained several suspected insurgents and seized weapons and mortar components.

-- An Afghan and coalition force detained several insurgents while searching a Taliban explosives expert in Helmand province.

-- In Ghazni province, an Afghan-led security force, supported by coalition troops, arrested a Haqqani network leader who coordinated attacks targeting Afghan and coalition forces and provided weapons to insurgents in Logar province. The security force also detained several suspected insurgents.

NONLETHAL AID CONTINUES TO SYRIAN OPPOSITION

Photo Credit:  U.S. DOD

FROM: U.S. DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE

U.S. Continues to Send Nonlethal Aid to Syrian Opposition

By Jim Garamone
American Forces Press Service

WASHINGTON, Oct. 15, 2012 - The United States will continue to funnel nonlethal aid to the Syrian opposition, and urges the international community to unite against Bashar Assad's regime, Pentagon Press Secretary George Little said today.

The State Department is providing $100 million worth of nonlethal aid to those seeking to overthrow Assad. The opposition in Syria rose after protestors brought down long-term regimes in Tunisia and Egypt.

"The people of Syria are being brutalized by the Assad regime," Little told reporters. The United Nations estimates that there are 30,000 dead in Syria from the fighting between the Assad regime and the opposition. Hundreds of thousands of Syrians have fled the country, and hundreds of thousands more are displaced within Syria.

Tensions in the region have escalated, with Jordan and Turkey hosting most of the refugees. Syrian regime forces have fired into Turkey, and the Turks have responded in kind.

Little called on the international community to do more to isolate the Assad regime. "What this points out is the need for greater international consensus on how to move forward on Syria," he said. "We have called on the international community to unite, and those efforts have been stymied."

U.S. policy is to increase diplomatic and economic pressure on the regime and to provide humanitarian assistance. "That's the right course of action at this stage," Little said.

The United States will work with all nations who want to see the Assad regime go, the press secretary said. "That's where the focus needs to be," he added. "Others in the international community don't quite see eye-to-eye with us and our allies and partners, and I hope that at some point we see greater coherence."

The Defense Department is working closely with Jordanian government officials to help them build their country's capacity to deal with the refugee crisis, Little told reporters. "We are very concerned about refugee flows into Jordan," he said. "We're concerned about [chemical and biological warfare], along with our Jordanian allies. We're working closely with them to monitor the [Syrian] CBW sites."

INTERNATIONAL BAN ON PRODUCTION OF FISSILE MATERIAL FOR NUCLEAR WEAPONS

FROM: U.S. DEPARTMENT OF STATE
An International Ban on the Production of Fissile Material for Nuclear Weapons
Fact Sheet

Bureau of Public Affairs

October 10, 2012
"If we are serious about stopping the spread of [nuclear] weapons, then we should put an end to the dedicated production of weapons grade materials that create them." – President Barack Obama

The United States is revitalizing an international effort to advance a multilateral treaty that verifiably ends the production of fissile materials for nuclear weapons.

Background

Fissile material is nuclear material capable of producing an explosive nuclear chain reaction. Highly enriched uranium and plutonium are the fissile materials that are expected to be captured by a Fissile Material Cut-Off Treaty (FMCT). Some countries already have voluntarily stopped producing fissile material for nuclear weapons. The United States, for example, has not produced plutonium for weapons since 1988 and halted production of highly enriched uranium for weapons in 1964. However, some countries continue to produce fissile material for weapons to build up their nuclear arsenals.

Elements of a Fissile Material Cut-Off Treaty

A Fissile Material Cut-Off Treaty would, for the first time, place a legal ban on the production of fissile materials for use in nuclear weapons or other nuclear explosive devices. Achieving a verifiable FMCT has long been a core element of the United States’ comprehensive agenda for seeking the peace and security of a world without nuclear weapons. It is broadly considered to be the next fundamental step towards multilateral nuclear disarmament.

An FMCT would effectively cap the fissile materials available for use in nuclear weapons. It also would help consolidate the advancements in arms control since the end of the Cold War and provide the basis for further, deeper reductions in nuclear arsenals. Finally, in states possessing nuclear weapons there are enrichment and reprocessing plants capable of producing fissile material that do not operate under International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) safeguards. An FMCT would fold these facilities into an international monitoring regime.

The Way Ahead

The United States believes that the Conference on Disarmament (CD) is the preferred forum for negotiation of an FMCT, but the venue for the negotiations ultimately is less important than the treaty itself. An overwhelming majority of CD members support the early commencement of FMCT negotiations. The United States is consulting with China, France, Russia, and the United Kingdom, as well as others, to find a way to reach consensus and move forward on an FMCT. As Secretary of State Clinton said, the United States believes that an FMCT is "too important a matter to be left in a deadlock forever."

A Fissile Material Cut-Off Treaty Will:

Place a legal ban on the production of fissile material for use in nuclear weapons or other nuclear explosive devices.

• Consolidate the advancements in arms control since the end of the Cold War, while moving beyond bilateral reductions.

• Enhance the irreversibility of future reductions in nuclear arsenals.

• Place under international monitoring key nuclear facilities that can produce fissile material.


　

　

NASA'S RETURN ON INVESTMENT VIDEO

TWO CHARGED WITH DEFRAUDING COMPANY USING FALSE INVOICES

FROM: U.S. DEPARTMENT OF JUSTICE

Former COO of Louisiana Construction Management Company and Brother-In-Law Charged in Fraud Scheme

Former COO Sentenced Yesterday to 60 Months in Prison for Role in Related Scheme

WASHINGTON – Mark J. Titus, former Chief Operations Officer of Garner Services Ltd. (GSL), and his brother-in-law Dominick Fazzio, have been charged in a second superseding indictment returned today by a federal grand jury in New Orleans for defrauding GSL of over $1 million, announced Assistant Attorney General Lanny A. Breuer of the Justice Department’s Criminal Division.

The 32-count indictment returned today in U.S. District Court in New Orleans charges Titus and Fazzio with conspiracy, mail fraud, wire fraud, money laundering and tax charges for participating in the fraud scheme. Fazzio has also been charged with a separate tax fraud scheme.

According to the second superseding indictment, between approximately May 2008 and approximately May 2011, Titus and Fazzio defrauded GSL, a construction management company based in Pascagoula, Miss., by creating and submitting fraudulent invoices for services never rendered on construction projects managed by GSL, causing payments to be made from GSL to two companies owned by Fazzio. The two defendants then allegedly laundered the money by engaging in a series of financial transactions for the purpose of concealing the illegal nature of the payments. According to the second superseding indictment, Titus and Fazzio also submitted false tax returns by improperly deducting the disbursement of their fraudulently obtained money as legitimate business activity and failing to report the money received from the fraud scheme as taxable income.

In addition, Fazzio is charged in connection with a tax fraud scheme perpetrated with Hendrikus Ton, the owner of Abe’s Boat Rentals in Belle Chase, La., and two other companies that provide services to offshore oil production facilities. Fazzio and Ton allegedly conspired to under-report income paid to employees of Ton’s by transferring taxable income from Abe's Boat Rentals to a dormant company, improperly deducting that money as legitimate business activity and using that money to pay employees of Abe’s Boat Rentals in order to conceal the actual amount of income paid to the employees, thereby reducing the tax liability of Ton’s companies by over $3.5 million. According to the second superseding indictment, Fazzio prepared the tax returns for Ton’s companies and willfully omitted wages paid out of the dormant company.

In October 2011, Titus pleaded guilty to one count of conspiracy to commit mail fraud, arising from his role in a fraud scheme allegedly related to the scheme set forth in the second superseding indictment returned today. Last month, Titus moved to withdraw his October 2011 guilty plea, but the request was denied yesterday by U.S. District Judge Ivan Lemelle in the Eastern District of Louisiana, and sentencing proceeded yesterday as scheduled. U.S. District Judge Lemelle sentenced Titus yesterday to 60 months in prison on his guilty plea. Judge Lemelle also sentenced Titus to pay a $100,000 fine and ordered Titus to pay $925,320 in restitution to GSL.

An indictment is merely a charge and is not evidence of guilt. The defendants are presumed innocent unless and until proven guilty beyond a reasonable doubt in a court of law.

The case is being prosecuted by Deputy Chief Peter Koski and Trial Attorneys Brian Lichter and Menaka Kalaskar of the Criminal Division’s Public Integrity Section, as well as Assistant U.S. Attorney Gregory Kennedy of the Eastern District of Louisiana. The case is being investigated by the FBI and the New Orleans Office of the Internal Revenue Service-Criminal Investigation Division

DANGEROUS ASTEROID REDETECTED BY AMATEUR ASTRONOMER

Un astrónomo aficionado redescubre un asteroide 'perdido' con el telescopio de la ESA en el Observatorio del Teide

U.S. TRANSPORTAION COMMAND GETTING READY FOR POST-WAR FUTURE

FROM: U.S. TRANSPORTATION COMMAND
Air Force Gen. William M. Fraser III, commander, U.S. Transportation Command, rolls out his new five-year strategy Oct. 12, 2012, at Scott Air Force Base, Ill. The strategy is the most comprehensive and collaborative in the command's 25-year history. The heart of the new strategic plan is to ensure United States can deploy, sustain and redeploy its forces as effectively and efficiently as possible. U.S. Transportation Command photo by Bob Fehringer
New Strategy to Posture Transcom for Post-war Future

By Donna Miles
American Forces Press Service

WASHINGTON, Oct. 12, 2012 – A new, five-year strategic plan unveiled today at U.S. Transportation Command will posture it to ensure the military maintains its global mobility edge entering a post-war future, Air Force Brig. Gen. John E. Michel, Transcom’s chief change and learning strategist, told American Forces Press Service.

Air Force Gen. William M. Fraser III, Transcom’s commander, shared the most-sweeping strategic planning effort in the command’s 25-year history today with his staff at Scott Air Force Base, Ill., and, via teleconference, with all of Transcom’s components and partners around the globe.

Calling the plan "a vision for smart change," Fraser said its bottom line is to enhance a capability unique to the United States: "the extraordinary ability to rapidly project national power and influence -- anywhere, at any time."

Fraser praised his organization for its hard work and dedication that has sustained the force over the past decade of conflict. But looking ahead, he emphasized that Transcom will remain the crucial, although largely unsung, driving force behind everything the military does.

"Transcom is the secret sauce of every other combatant command," said Michel, who led the strategy development effort. "We make others go. We are kind of invisible, but you can’t get to the fight, you can’t be sustained in the fight, and you can’t return to the fight unless we are there to make it happen."

As the United States draws down forces in Afghanistan and "pivots" toward the Asia-Pacific, that applies whether "the fight" involves humanitarian assistance and natural disaster responses, civic-action engagements or kinetic operations, he said.

Posturing for that future, particularly in light of fiscal uncertainties, took some serious soul-searching at Transcom, Michel explained. He and his team spent nine months developing the new strategy -- the command’s first to span more than a single year. They reviewed every process and procedure, he said, leaving no stone unturned as they challenged basic assumptions about how the command operates and allocates its resources.

It also required an analysis of what the future will look like and what demands are likely to be put on Transcom.

"The expectation of Transcom comes down to, we have to be able to project national power and influence. We provide the mobility … that makes that happen, " Michel said. "So an effort like this asks, ‘What are the conditions of the future and how can we go farther, faster and more efficiently than we have ever done before?’"

Toward that end, the new strategy identifies four basic priorities.
-- Preserve readiness capability through both organic and commercial assets. Michel called ensuring unparalleled global mobility Transcom’s "no-fail business," regardless of the nature of the mission it supports. "It is what we do in response to anything that happens in the world where America wants to have a presence," he said.

-- Guaranteeing access to information technology to promote good decision-making. "In the future, the question becomes: ‘How do we get people the information we can, in a timely fashion so they can make smart choices?’" Michel said. "I don’t care if they are in Afghanistan, in Washington or down the hall. We are in a world awash in data. So how can we help turn that data into something meaningful?"

-- Improve Transcom’s business model, better aligning resources and processes to support the mission. The new strategy introduces "a whole new corporate governance process," Michel said, with a commitment to create efficiencies and reduce operating costs. "We need to come up with up with a reinvigorated process … to improve the internal work we do, to make sure we continue to be world-class in delivering what others expect of us," he said.

-- Develop "enterprise-focused professionals" within a work culture focused on customer requirements. The biggest strength within Transcom isn’t its aircraft, ships and moving parts, Michel emphasized. It’s the people behind them. "So we are in the process of creating a culture that focuses on serving others," he said. "It all begins and ends with people."

"Transformation of this magnitude will not be easy," Fraser recognized in releasing the new strategy, "especially given the rapidly changing operating environment and the challenging fiscal landscape

"But we clearly recognize change is necessary," Fraser continued. "We will build on past successes and position ourselves to reliably deploy, sustain and redeploy your nation’s forces more effectively and efficiently -- all while keeping a keen eye on improving collaboration and creating a climate of trust, innovation and empowerment throughout our workforce."

Working toward priorities identified in the new strategy, Transcom will shape itself to better provide that support, regardless of what command or organization requires its serves, Michel said.

"I don’t care if I am doing that in Africa or I am doing that in Guam," he said. "People want to be able to reach Transcom. They want to really quickly be able to say what they need and have Transcom move into action."

Ensuring that process goes as smoothly, efficiently and cost-effectively as possible is the heart of the new strategic plan, he said. It provides a blueprint that leverages the command’s strengths and identifies areas for improvement to better-translate customer requirements into "the most appropriate, cost-effective modality to achieve the effect they want," he said.

"We have to be much more deliberate and thoughtful about how we position ourselves for the future. That’s why it was important for Transcom to undertake what we are proud to say is the most comprehensive strategic planning and change effort ever," Michel summarized.

"With this plan, we have a clear understanding of where we are today," he said, "and we are pretty compelled about where we need to go tomorrow."

RECENT U.S. NAVY PHOTOS

FROM: U.S. NAVY, NAVY'S 237TH BIRTHDAY
121012-N-YC505-040 NORFOLK (Oct. 12, 2012) Sailors and audience stand for the ringing of the bell and the playing of Anchors Aweigh during a ceremony at Naval Station Norfolk for the Navy's 237th birthday. The U.S. Navy has a 237-year heritage of defending freedom and projecting and protecting U.S. interests around the globe. Join the conversation on social media using #warfighting. (U.S. Navy photo by Mass Communication Specialist 3rd Class Molly Anne Greendeer/Released)

121011-N-OA833-001 ANNAPOLIS, Md. (Oct. 11, 2012) The United States Naval Academy in Annapolis, Md. was founded in 1845 by Secretary of the Navy, George Bancroft. As the undergraduate college of the naval service, the U.S. Naval Academy strives to accomplish its mission to develop midshipmen "morally, mentally, and physically." Upon graduation, Midshipmen are commissioned as Navy ensigns and Marine Corps second lieutenants. The U.S. Navy has a 237-year heritage of defending freedom and projecting and protecting U.S. interests around the globe. Join the conversation on social media using #warfighting. (U.S. Navy photo by Mass Communication Specialist 1st Class Chad Runge/Released)

EVOLUTIONARY THEORY AND DNA ANALYSIS



Photo caption: From left, Los Alamos scientists Joel Berendzen, Ben McMahon, Mira Dimitrijevic, Nick Hengartner and Judith Cohn.

FROM: LOS ALAMOS NATIONAL LABORATORY
Evolutionary Theory, Web-Search Technology Combine for DNA Analysis

Bioinformatics breakthrough has clinical & environmental applications
LOS ALAMOS, NEW MEXICO, October 4, 2012—New software from Los Alamos National Laboratory called Sequedex uses evolutionary theory to swiftly identify short "reads" of DNA, calling out the specific organisms from which the DNA came and their likely activity.

"Sequedex makes it possible for a researcher to analyze data hot off a DNA sequencer using a laptop," said Joel Berendzen, a scientist on the project. "The tool characterizes whole communities of microorganisms such as those in the mouth in a matter of minutes."

Sequedex works like a web search engine, making exact matches between DNA sequences and a list of "keywords" called phylogenetic signatures, then placing any hits on the appropriate branch of the Tree of Life. Advantages over current methods include a factor of 250,000 in speed and the ability to work with pieces of DNA as short as 30 bases long.

The software, developed by Los Alamos scientists Joel Berendzen, Nicolas Hengartner, Judith Cohn, Mira Dimitrijevic and Benjamin McMahon, recognizes proteins from short DNA sequences, analyzing them both individually for phylogeny and function and collectively for biodiversity and environmental similarities.

"Sequedex is bioinformatics redesigned from the ground up," said Berendzen, "making use of the wealth of genomic data that has become available in the 20 years since the most commonly used algorithms were written."

Data analysis is widely perceived as a bottleneck preventing broader use of DNA sequencing for problems such as rapid clinical diagnoses of viral and bacterial diseases, genetic matchmaking between individual tumors and chemotherapy agents, and improved production methods for algal biofuels. A number of ways around this bottleneck have been proposed, including special computer hardware and farming out analysis to large numbers of computers on computing clouds.

The Sequedex team was originally tasked with investigating DNA analysis on the Laboratory’s Roadrunner supercomputer, but quickly realized that improvements in the algorithm made having so much hardware unnecessary. "They asked us to build a rocket ship," Berendzen said, "but instead we built a 10,000 mph motorcycle."

Sequedex software running on a single CPU core can analyze sequences at a rate of 6 billion DNA bases per hour. This rate is more than twice the speed of data generated by today’s fastest sequencing instruments, and it is also more than twice the rate of typical upload speeds to a cloud-computing site.

A journal article on the project, "Rapid Phylogenetic and Functional Classification of Short Genomic Fragments with Signature Peptides," was published in the open-access, peer-reviewed journal BMC Research Notes.

Sequedex was recently announced as one of this years' winners of R&D Magazine’s "R&D 100" awards (http://www.rdmag.com/), one of four from Los Alamos National Laboratory and its partners. The project was funded with Laboratory Directed Research and Development dollars. A free demo version is available online at http://sequedex.lanl.gov/. The laboratory’s technology transfer office is actively seeking strategic partnership opportunities.

DNA sequencing came to prominence as a result of the Human Genome Project, which was completed in 2003 and found some 25,000 genes in the 3 billion chemical bases that make up the sequence of human DNA. The Human Genome Project arose out of research at Los Alamos and elsewhere in the U.S. Department of Energy into the effects of energy use on human health.

DNA sequencing technology is evolving at a dramatic rate. Costs have dropped by a factor of roughly 300,000 in the past 10 years and the resulting increased flows of sequence data have placed more stress on an already overburdened analysis process. The current most-widely-used piece of DNA analysis software, a package called the Basic Local Alignment Search Tool (BLAST), was a refinement of software written by Los Alamos scientists Temple Smith and Michael Waterman in 1981.

KING FATHER NORODOM SIHANOUK OF CAMBODIA DIES

The Throne Hall at the Royal Palace grounds in Phnom Penh. Built in 1917, the building was where the king's confidants, generals, and royal officials once carried out their duties. Today it is used for religious and royal ceremonies, and as a meeting place for guests of the king.

FROM:  U.S. STATE DEPARTMENT
Death of His Majesty King Father Norodom Sihanouk of Cambodia

Press Statement
Victoria Nuland
Department Spokesperson, Office of the Spokesperson
Washington, DC
October 15, 2012

The United States expresses its sympathy on the passing of His Majesty King Father Norodom Sihanouk of Cambodia. We extend our condolences to His Majesty King Sihamoni, Her Majesty Queen Mother Norodom Monineath, the entire Royal Family, and those in Cambodia who are mourning this loss.

ADDITIONAL INFORMATION FROM CIA WORLD FACTBOOK

Most Cambodians consider themselves to be Khmers, descendants of the Angkor Empire that extended over much of Southeast Asia and reached its zenith between the 10th and 13th centuries. Attacks by the Thai and Cham (from present-day Vietnam) weakened the empire, ushering in a long period of decline. The king placed the country under French protection in 1863 and it became part of French Indochina in 1887. Following Japanese occupation in World War II, Cambodia gained full independence from France in 1953. In April 1975, after a five-year struggle, Communist Khmer Rouge forces captured Phnom Penh and evacuated all cities and towns. At least 1.5 million Cambodians died from execution, forced hardships, or starvation during the Khmer Rouge regime under POL POT. A December 1978 Vietnamese invasion drove the Khmer Rouge into the countryside, began a 10-year Vietnamese occupation, and touched off almost 13 years of civil war. The 1991 Paris Peace Accords mandated democratic elections and a ceasefire, which was not fully respected by the Khmer Rouge. UN-sponsored elections in 1993 helped restore some semblance of normalcy under a coalition government. Factional fighting in 1997 ended the first coalition government, but a second round of national elections in 1998 led to the formation of another coalition government and renewed political stability. The remaining elements of the Khmer Rouge surrendered in early 1999. Some of the surviving Khmer Rouge leaders have been tried or are awaiting trial for crimes against humanity by a hybrid UN-Cambodian tribunal supported by international assistance. Elections in July 2003 were relatively peaceful, but it took one year of negotiations between contending political parties before a coalition government was formed. In October 2004, King Norodom SIHANOUK abdicated the throne and his son, Prince Norodom SIHAMONI, was selected to succeed him. Local elections were held in Cambodia in April 2007, with little of the pre-election violence that preceded prior elections. National elections in July 2008 were relatively peaceful.