FACT SHEET ON US AID TO LIBYA

FROM: U.S. STATE DEPARTMENT

U.S. Government Assistance to Libya
Fact Sheet
Office of the Special Coordinator for Middle East Transitions
Washington, DC
August 14, 2012
The United States has a strategic interest in a stable and prosperous Libya, and is supporting Libya’s democratic transition in cooperation with the UN and other international partners. Recognizing Libya’s own substantial resources, the United States has focused on building Libyan institutions and increasing its capacity to govern effectively, hold free and fair elections, and manage public finances transparently and responsibly. We have also provided targeted assistance to support the development of Libyan civil society and its security forces. Investing modestly in Libya’s future will help further advance Libya’s democratic transition, promote stability, and strengthen the U.S.-Libya partnership.

Since February 2011, the United States has provided $170 million in assistance, mostly in response to urgent humanitarian and security challenges in the immediate aftermath of the beginning of the conflict. We have also focused on supporting capacity building efforts within government institutions, developing civil society, and facilitating free and fair elections. All programs advance key U.S. interests by filling critical capacity gaps within U.S.-Libya identified transition priorities. All projects are being coordinated with the United Nations Support Mission in Libya (UNSMIL).

The United States has also resumed a full range of people-to-people programming and exchanges, to include scholarships, fellowships, English-language education, educational advising, cultural preservation, and short term visits and training in the United States.

Democracy, Governance, Rule of Law, Human Rights

Constitutional Development: The United States, in coordination with the UN, is working with civil society, government, and the media to ensure the process of constitutional development is transparent and participatory to ensure broad public support for the final document. A particular focus will be ensuring the constitution guarantees rights for minorities and women.

Election Management and Administration: The United States provided technical assistance and support for election management and administration, including developing legal electoral frameworks, creating a voter registry, and strengthening the election management body, all in close cooperation with the Government of Libya, the European Union and the UN.

Independent Media: The United States is working to strengthen local and independent media, and to provide training that improves journalistic standards and enhances the ability of Libyan media to report on the activities of government.

Elections Monitoring: The United States contributed support to an international elections observation mission to help ensure electoral transparency and credibility during Libya’s first national elections. The U.S. also provided technical assistance to a network of Libyan partners to organize nationwide domestic elections monitoring efforts.

Political Party Development and Voter Outreach: The United States is providing technical assistance to new political parties as they work to develop the platforms, messages, and core skills needed to effectively participate in public discussion and debate. The United States is also supporting civil society efforts to launch country-wide civic and voter education initiatives.

Supporting New Representative Bodies: The United States is developing programming to support representative bodies at the national and local level, including on developing outreach mechanisms for engaging the public..

Disarmament, Demobilization, and Reintegration: The United States is assisting the Government of Libya in navigating the disarmament, demobilization and reintegration of militia members. Together, the civilian and military elements of the U.S. government are working with the Government of Libya to help them formulate this critical area of programming.

Justice and Security Sector: The United States is working with Libyan authorities to develop ways to support the delivery of justice and security in a manner that promotes democratic values now and as constitutionally determined structures build themselves.

Transitional Justice: The United States is working with government, civil society, and other informal community leaders to build transparent systems for justice and reconciliation in the wake of the revolution. This includes working with the UN Commission of Inquiry's ability to catalogue its documentation of human rights abuses .

NGO Development: The United States is providing technical assistance to NGOs throughout Libya to bolster their administrative, financial, and programmatic capacities. This includes bolstering the ability of local bar associations and advocacy groups to advocate for rule of law reform during the democratic transition.

Forensics and Mass Graves: The United States is providing forensic technical assistance, including mapping human rights and international humanitarian law abuses and preserving evidence by: mapping the number and extent of mass graves; providing technical expertise on forensic-based exhumations; providing training and capacity building to civil society organizations on human rights documentation practices and the use of forensic evidence; and engaging and empowering victims’ groups and families of the missing to ensure that they are a supportive part of the transitional justice process.

Economic Revitalization

Public Financial Management: The United States is providing targeted technical assistance to the Government of Libya to promote financial transparency and improve governance of Libya’s financial and economic resources.

Economic Growth and Trade Facilitation: The United States is providing technical advice to the Government of Libya on public infrastructure-related projects and facilitating meetings with US businesses who can source services and equipment for reconstruction.

Africa Diaspora Marketplace: The United States added Libya to the 2012 African Diaspora Marketplace (ADM) initiative. This public-private partnership encourages sustainable economic growth and employment by supporting U.S.-based diaspora entrepreneurs with startups and established businesses on the African continent.

Women’s Economic Empowerment: The United States is developing an assistance program to bolster economic empowerment opportunities for women by providing business skills training activities to women and key actors in the business community.

Security Assistance

Presidential Drawdown Authority for Non-Lethal Equipment: The United States has provided non-lethal assistance, including personnel protective gear, uniforms, and halal Meals Ready to Eat (MREs), to Government security forces through the Presidential drawdown authority.

Conventional Weapons Destruction: The United States is supporting international mine action NGOs to clear unexploded ordnance and destroy unsecured conventional weapons, including man-portable air defense systems (MANPADs).

Weapons Abatement: The U.S. committed significant assistance for conventional weapons mitigation efforts, including the survey, inventory and disposal of known weapons and ammunition storage sites in Libya.

Border Security Training: The Export Control and Border Security (EXBS) program is resuming engagement with the Government of Libya (GOL) with targeted technical assistance focused on land border security. As part of an overall U.S. Government effort, EXBS developed an approved list of immediate deliverables for near term border security assistance.

Ministry of Defense Advisory Support: The Department of Defense is providing advisory support through the Defense Institution Reform Initiative (DIRI) to the Libyan Ministry of Defense to assist in the process of establishing defense institutions and armed forces that are unified, capable, and subject to civilian control and the rule of law. This effort supports other USG and international initiatives aimed at broader security sector reform.

Chemical weapons security and destruction: The United States has provided support for improving the near-term security of Libya’s chemical weapons and is working closely with the Libyan authorities to facilitate the eventual destruction of these weapons with the oversight of the Organization for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons..

Health

Support for the War Wounded: The United States facilitated collaboration between the Government of Libya and U.S. hospitals to provide advanced medical treatment to warriors who were severely injured in combat. Currently, the U.S. is assisting the Ministries of Health and Social Affairs in improving the management and technical capacity of the Libyan health care system to care for the war wounded. This assistance includes the development of pairing relationships with U.S. based institutions.

Humanitarian Assistance

Refugee and IDP Relief: In the immediate aftermath of the revolution, the United States provided humanitarian assistance to international organizations and NGOs aiding internally displaced persons, refugees, and migrants in Libya and neighboring countries through health, humanitarian protection, logistics, water, sanitation, and hygiene activities, as well as the distribution of emergency relief supplies and food assistance.

People-to-People Exchanges

Higher Education Task Force: In May 2012, the United States and Libya launched the U.S.-Libya Higher Education Task Force to expand educational exchanges and cooperation.

Fulbright: Libyan students who were scheduled to participate in the Fulbright program prior to the revolution have had their candidacies restored. In the 2012-2013 academic year, Libya will send 14 Fulbright students to the United States—double the size of the previous cohort. Approximately 1,700 Libyans submitted applications for the 14 grants.

Educational Advising: EducationUSA is expanding its virtual and on-the-ground presence to provide educational advising to Libyan students interested in studying in the United States.

English Language: The English Access Microscholarship Program has three active programs in Libya—one in Tripoli and two in Benghazi—with a total of 80 Libyan students ages 14-18. Embassy Tripoli is currently exploring partnerships to further expand the Access Program, as well as other means of meeting the substantial nationwide demand for classes in English as a Second Language.

Cultural Preservation: The United States is providing resources toward a partnership between Oberlin College and the Libyan Department of Antiquities to document and preserve endangered archaeological sites.

International Visitor Leadership Programs (IVLP): Approximately 30 Libyan government officials, youth and civil society representatives, women leaders, and journalists will participate in three-week professional development IVLPs during the FY 2012 fiscal year.

Youth Leadership Program: Libyan high school students will join participants from Egypt and Tunisia for a three-week leadership and cross-cultural exchange in the United States in August 2012.

AUTOMOBILE PARTS MANUFACTURER AGREES TO PLEAD GUILTY TO PRICE FIXING

FROM: U.S. DEPARTMENT OF JUSTICE
Company Agrees to Pay $1 Million Criminal Fine

WASHINGTON — Nagoka, Japan-based Nippon Seiki Co. Ltd. has agreed to plead guilty and to pay a $1 million criminal fine for its role in a conspiracy to fix prices of instrument panel clusters, commonly known as meters, installed in cars sold in the United States and elsewhere, the Department of Justice announced today.

According to a one-count felony charge filed today in the U.S. District Court for the Eastern District of Michigan in Detroit, Nippon Seiki engaged in conspiracies to rig bids for, and to fix, stabilize and maintain the prices of instrument panel clusters sold to an automaker in the United States and elsewhere. According to the court document, Nippon Seiki’s involvement in the conspiracy lasted from at least as early as April 2008 until at least February 2010.

Nippon Seiki manufactures and sells a variety of automotive parts, including instrument panel clusters. Instrument panel clusters are the mounted array of instruments and gauges housed in front of the driver of an automobile. The department said that Nippon Seiki and its co-conspirators carried out the conspiracy by agreeing, during meetings and conversations, to rig bids for, and to fix, stabilize and maintain the prices of instrument panel clusters, sold to an automaker in the United States and elsewhere, on a model-by-model basis.

As part of the plea agreement, which will be subject to court approval, Nippon Seiki has agreed to cooperate with the department’s investigation.

"For nearly two years, Nippon Seiki conspired to sell instrument control panels at collusive and noncompetitive prices, affecting the prices of many automobiles sold in the United States," said Scott D. Hammond, Deputy Assistant Attorney General of the Antitrust Division’s criminal enforcement program. "The division will continue to hold companies accountable for these types of anticompetitive practices that harm American consumers."

Including Nippon Seiki, eight companies and 11 executives have been charged in the department’s ongoing investigation into price fixing and bid rigging in the auto parts industry. Furukawa Electric Co. Ltd., DENSO Corp., Yazaki Corp., G.S. Electech Inc., Fujikura Ltd. and Autoliv Inc. pleaded guilty and were sentenced to pay a total of more than $785 million in criminal fines. In July 2012, TRW Deutschland Holding GmbH agreed to plead guilty and is awaiting sentencing. Additionally, seven of the individuals – Junichi Funo, Hirotsugu Nagata, Tetsuya Ukai, Tsuneaki Hanamura, Ryoki Kawai, Shigeru Ogawa and Hisamitsu Takada – have been sentenced to pay criminal fines and to serve jail sentences ranging from a year and a day to two years each. Makoto Hattori and Norihiro Imai have pleaded guilty and await sentencing. Kazuhiko Kashimoto and Toshio Sudo have also agreed to plead guilty.

Nippon Seiki is charged with price fixing in violation of the Sherman Act, which carries a maximum penalty of a $100 million criminal fine for corporations. The maximum fine for the company may be increased to twice the gain derived from the crime or twice the loss suffered by the victims of the crime, if either of those amounts is greater than the statutory maximum fine.

DEBT PROTECTION FOR SERVICEMEMBERS

FROM: U.S. DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE

Servicemembers' Civil Relief Act provides debt protection
by Christoph Mlinarchik and Capt. Patrick Clary
21st Space Wing Base Legal Office
8/23/2012 - PETERSON AIR FORCE BASE, Colo. -- According to the U.S. Supreme Court, the purpose of the Servicemembers' Civil Relief Act is to protect "those who dropped their affairs to answer their country's call." SCRA extends the protection of the Soldiers' and Sailors' Civil Relief Act of 1940, which covered a wide range of topics such as foreclosures, evictions, rental agreements, installment contracts, credit card and mortgage interest, civil litigation and income tax.

The policy of SCRA is to ensure those who serve and protect their nation are not unfairly penalized in their private lives by the challenges of military duty. SCRA applies to active duty military members, Reservists, and members of the National Guards. Military life sometimes creates obstacles for military service members to deal with personal, financial, legal and residential aspects of daily life. This article highlights three major SCRA benefits: 6 percent interest rates, terminations of leases, and protections in judicial proceedings.

Section 207 of SCRA mandates that debts incurred prior to entry to active duty must be lowered to no more than 6 percent. This applies to consumer debt, mortgage interest rates, and private student loans but not public, federally-insured student loans. To activate this protection, write a letter to the creditor requesting immediate reduction of the interest rate to 6 percent, and include a short statement of how the service member has been materially affected by military service with a copy of the orders to active duty. Any difference between the higher interest rate and 6 percent will be forgiven and need not be repaid. These benefits can save thousands of dollars over the life of a loan. Remember, this only applies to preservice debt, not debt accrued during military service.

SCRA Section 305 governs terminations of both housing and automobile leases. After receiving permanent change of station or deployment orders for 90 days or more, SCRA allows terminations of housing leases without penalty. All that is needed is written notice to the landlord along with a copy of the orders.

For automobile leases, leases signed before service can be canceled after receiving active duty orders for 180 days or more. If the automobile lease was signed after active duty began, it can be terminated upon receiving PCS orders to a location outside the continental United States or deployment orders for 180 days or more. Remember these termination rights can be waived. Be sure to check lease agreements for SCRA waivers and request any such language be removed before final signature. If you have any questions about language in your lease, stop by the legal office and have an attorney give you an opinion before signing it.

Due to ongoing duties, deployments and PCS orders, attending court in distant locations is not always feasible. If a defendant in a civil proceeding does not show up to court, the judge may automatically find in favor of the plaintiff, which is called a default judgment. To protect military personnel from default judgments, SCRA Section 201 mandates default judgments entered against service members during active duty or within 60 days thereafter be reopened and set aside. Request relief from the court within 90 days of the end of military service to invoke SCRA Section 201.


SCRA Section 202 provides for delays in court or administrative proceedings for those serving on active duty. The proceeding will be postponed for at least 90 days upon receipt of a written request. The request must include an explanation of how military duty affects the service member's ability to appear in court, a date when the service member can appear, and a letter from the commander stating that duty precludes appearance in court. Beyond the mandatory 90 days, further delays may be granted at the court's discretion. If further delays are denied in the service member's absence, an attorney will be appointed to represent the service member in absentia.

Contact a legal assistance attorney in the 21st Space Wing Base Legal Office for further questions or legal assistance regarding the SCRA. Legal assistance walk-in hours are 8-9 a.m. Monday and Wednesday, and from 1-2 p.m.Tuesday and Thursday.

NO MALICIOUS INTENT FOUND IN QURAN CASE

FROM:  U.S. DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE

Investigation Finds No Malicious Intent in Quran Case

By Jim Garamone
American Forces Press Service
WASHINGTON, Aug. 27, 2012 – While U.S. service members in Afghanistan made mistakes in handling Qurans in February, there was no intent “to disrespect the Quran or defame Islam,” the general investigating the incident wrote in his report.

U.S. Central Command released the results of the investigation into the incident, in which Qurans removed from a library for detainees were mishandled at Bagram Airfield.
Six soldiers will receive nonjudicial punishment for their parts in the incident, which sparked protests throughout Afghanistan.

The report, written by Army Brig. Gen. Bryan G. Watson, found plenty of blame to go around. Still, he stressed time and again in his report that none of the personnel involved acted maliciously.
The report details how U.S. service members at the detention facility in Parwan began by looking through books in the facility library to stop messages from being transmitted among detainees. This grew into a project to get rid of books that a translator deemed extremist, according to the report.
In his investigation, Watson found that up to 100 Qurans and other religious texts were burned at the Bagram Airfield incinerator. Watson wrote that although U.S. service members did mishandle Qurans and other religious texts, “I absolutely reject any suggestion that those involved acted with any malicious intent to disrespect the Quran or defame the faith of Islam.”

The general pointed to a lack of communication among leaders and commands. He also found that senior leaders at the facility did not give clear guidance, and that mid-level and junior leaders chose “the easy way instead of the right way to address a problem.”

A contributing factor was ignorance among Americans on how to handle Qurans and other religious tracts. The general also found poor adherence to established operating procedures.

Afghan soldiers at the facility tried to make the American soldiers understand the gravity of the situation, but they were rebuffed. “That U.S. service members did not heed the warnings of their [Afghan army] partners is, perhaps, my biggest concern,” the general wrote.

The U.S. Army took immediate corrective action and implemented many of the investigation’s recommendations, along with re-emphasizing proper handling of religious materials to all soldiers during pre-deployment training to minimize the potential for reoccurrence, Army spokesman George Wright said today. “Training soldiers in the proper handling of religious material is a continual process to ensure they uphold their responsibilities,” he said.

EXERCISE PITCH BLACK 12 AND THE B-52

Birds and B’s A B-52 Stratofortress drops live guided bomb units as an F-15D Eagle follows during the Midway White III training exercise over the Nevada Test and Training Range on June 28, 2012. The data gathered from the training attacks executed in Midway White III is utilized to aid or enhance ongoing Defense Threat Reduction Agency programs. The B-52 is with the 340th Weapons School and the F-15D is with the 433rd Weapons School. (U.S. Air Force photo/Staff Sgt. Christopher Hubenthal)


FROM: U.S. AIR FORCE
B-52s bring persistent airpower to Exercise Pitch Black 12
by Airman 1st Class Marianique Santos
36th Wing Public Affairs

8/24/2012 - ANDERSEN AIR FORCE BASE, Guam (AFNS) -- The 69th Expeditionary Bomb Squadron, Minot Air Force Base, N.D., took to the skies of Australia's Northern Territory Aug. 2 to 18 as the lone U.S. Air Force unit flying in Exercise Pitch Black 12.

With more than 2,200 personnel and up to 100 participating military aircraft, Exercise Pitch Black 12 is the Royal Australian Air Force's largest and most complex air exercise.

From July 27 to Aug. 17, the U.S. Marine Corps, U.S. Air Force, Australian Defense Force, Royal Thai Armed Forces, Singapore Armed Forces, New Zealand Defense Force, Malaysian Armed Forces, French Armed Forces, British Armed Forces, Indonesian National Armed Forces and a component operating under the North Atlantic Treaty Organization participated in the exercise.

The 69th EBSs' participation in Pitch Black 12 is critical to satisfying their mission objectives in support of Pacific Air Forces' continuous bomber presence.

As part of the mission, bombers participate in exercises while deployed in order to showcase both U.S. offensive and defensive capabilities, engage with the citizens of regional partners and ultimately contribute toward interoperability with other countries.

"In traversing the Pacific Ocean for large-scale exercises such as Rim of the Pacific and Pitch Black 12, our crews hone their skills, as well as assure our allies of the United States' commitment to the region," said Capt. Timothy May, 69th EBS weapons and tactics flight commander and bomber liaison officer representing the squadron for planning and briefings in Australia for Pitch Black 12.

"It shows that the United States maintains a credible strike capability in the region at all times," he said.

For more than 20 years, the RAAF has conducted the biennial Pitch Black Exercises as major training activities, providing participating nations the opportunity to obtain useful military training and the chance to strengthen ties with regional partners.

Captain May said that integrating into Pacific Command joint and coalition exercises, operations and training provided aircrews unique training opportunities in support of the continuous bomber presence..

"This exercise afforded my colleagues and I a tremendous opportunity to learn and expand our skills as aviators," said Captain May. "Communicating and planning with our Pacific allies provided a unique learning opportunity that bolsters cultural and professional relationships among regional partners."

During the exercise, the B-52 displayed unique capabilities that make it a commodity in such large-scale air exercises. Along with its ordnance capacity, the B-52 brings a long-endurance capability, which translates directly to persistent airpower.

"The B-52 brings a volume of ordnance that smaller, tactical assets cannot match," said Captain May. "In multiple cases during the exercise, a single B-52 covered nearly 50 percent of its team's targets in given scenarios."

The exercise required participants to conduct offensive counter air and defensive counter air missions launched from RAAF Bases Darwin and Tindal.

Pitch Black 12 utilized massive training areas that featured realistic threat simulations and targets. These training areas accommodated larger aircraft formations and provided a formidable obstacle course for the aircraft and crews of participating nations.

"During the exercise we integrated into flying formations with the other nations," said Maj. Christopher Morris, 69th EBS mission planning cell team chief. "On a training day, we can have Indonesian or Taiwanese aircraft escort us to the target and protect us from the opposing targets. Such formations promote good integration with our regional partners' air forces."


Captain May said that the exercise gave participants opportunities to practice operating in high threat environments against very capable adversaries.

"With six nations participating we receive different perspectives from regional air forces, from mission planning to execution to debrief," said Captain May. "The collective efforts of all six nations bring an impressive array of aircraft and skills to the fight."

The 69th EBS participation in Pitch Black 12 is only one among multiple exercises where in the B-52 has represented the U.S. Air Force and its air-strike capability.

"We are grateful for the opportunity to integrate with our allies through participation in Pitch Black 12," said Lt. Col. Doug Gosney, 69th EBS commander. "Our B-52 bomber force and aircrew maintain a high level of readiness across all mission sets. Participation in these types of exercises allow us to hone our skills even further while simultaneously forging and strengthening relationships with our friends and allies."

Along with experiences gained and reinforced international ties, the 69th EBS continues to support the CBP mission and take part in exercises that develop greater interoperability, strengthen regional peace, and promote stability and prosperity within the Asia-Pacific Region.

"I am extremely proud of our bombers and crew force for their accomplishments and participation in regional activities in the Pacific," said Gosney. "Their service and dedication bring unique capabilities to these coalition and joint exercises as part of the continuous bomber presence mission and is a testament to the fact that the Air Force stands ready for the call and can successfully accomplish all assigned missions."

COURT UPHOLDS NLRB UNION RECOGNIZATION RULING

FROM: U.S. NATIONAL LABOR RELATIONS BOARD

In a decision issued Thursday, the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Sixth Circuit upheld a 2010 National Labor Relations Board ruling that an employer and union did not violate federal labor law by entering into an agreement establishing principles for bargaining if employees selected union representation.
　

The case involved an agreement signed by the United Auto Workers union and auto parts manufacturer Dana Corp. setting ground rules for union organizing at a plant in St. Johns, Michigan, and establishing a framework for negotiations if a majority of workers chose the union. After the agreement was signed, several workers filed charges with the NLRB alleging that the agreement constituted an unlawful recognition of the union. Ultimately, the union did not win majority support and the plant closed, but the case continued.

While acknowledging "thoughtful majority and dissenting opinions" in the 2-to-1 Board decision, the Court deferred to the Board’s conclusion that the agreement did not unlawfully recognize the union and "did no more than create a framework for future collective bargaining." It further found that "the Board was within its discretion to allow some substantive terms to be determined between the employer and union prior to recognition, as long as that agreement did not ultimately impact employees’ choice regarding union representation."

In upholding the Board decision, the Court denied a petition for review filed by two of the workers who originally filed charges.

The Court found that the Board had properly distinguished the Dana agreement from one that was held to be unlawful in Majestic Weaving, 147 NLRB 859 (1964).

U.S. AIR FORCE SPACE COMMAND: THE LAUNCH OF SPUTNIK

FROM: U.S. AIR FORCE SPACE COMMAND
The USSR launches Sputnik I, the world's first successful artificial satellite on 4 Oct 1957. Pictured here is a model of Sputnik I from the Missile & Space Gallery at the National Museum of the United States Air Force.


AFSPC Milestone: USSR launched Sputnik, starting the space race

8/26/2012 - Peterson AFB, Colo. -- As Air Force Space Command approaches its 30th Anniversary on 1 Sep, here is a significant milestone which led to the creation of a new command responsible for the space domain...

On 4 October 1957, the USSR launches Sputnik I, the world's first successful artificial satellite. The surprise success of the Russian's launch began the Space Age and triggered the Space Race, a part of the larger Col War. It also lead to the launch of Explorer I, the first US satellite to go into orbit, launched from then Cape Canaveral Missile Annex, Fla. approximately 4 months later. Mercury batteries powered the high-power transmitter on Explorer I for 31 days and the low-power transmitter for 105 days. Explorer 1 stopped transmission of data on May 23, 1958 when its batteries died, but remained in orbit for more than 12 years. It has been followed by more than 90 scientific spacecraft in the Explorer series.

Additionally, the launch of Sputnik ushered in new political, military, technological, and scientific developments. The public reaction to the "Sputnik crisis" led to the creation of the Advanced Research Projects Agency (renamed the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency or DARPA in 1972), NASA, and an increase in U.S. government spending on scientific research and education.

RADIATION AND FULL-BODY SCANNERS

Illustration Credit:  U.S. Transportation Security Administration.

FROM: U.S. FOOD AND DRUG ADMINISTRATION
Very Low Health Risks from Full-Body X-ray Scanners

Be it in airports, court buildings, or other venues, Americans are increasingly encountering full-body imaging systems, the new wave in electronic security screening.

General-use X-ray security screening systems represent one of two full-body scanning technologies currently being put into widespread use to check people for concealed weapons, explosives, or other contraband without having to make physical contact.

Extensive use of full-body scanning technologies, including the general-use X-ray systems, is a relatively new development. Thus it's natural for people to have questions—including questions about whether these systems pose any health risks.

However, FDA Engineer Daniel Kassiday says, "The dose from one screening with a general-use X-ray security screening system is so low that it presents an extremely small risk to any individual."

 
Very Small Amounts of Energy
General-use X-ray security systems found in U.S. airports are also called "backscatter" systems. They use very small amounts of X-ray that are "bounced" off the person being screened. The reflected energy is received by an array of sensitive detectors and then processed by a computer to form an image.

Full-body scanners are large in size, and require individuals to step into the machine and remain still for a few seconds while the scan takes place.

Kassiday explains, "A person receives more radiation from naturally occurring sources in less than an hour of ordinary living than from one screening with any general-use X-ray security system."

The other type of advanced imaging technology being put in general use employs millimeter wave technology. It uses non-ionizing electromagnetic waves to generate an image based on the energy reflected from the body.

FDA scientist Abiy Desta says, "Millimeter wave security systems that comply with the limits set by the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers in the applicable non-ionizing radiation safety standard cause no known adverse health effects."

 
Metal Detectors Still in Use
Meanwhile, people need to be aware that metal detectors are still being used for security screening at many facilities.

Metal detectors, which can be walk-thru portals or hand-held wands, have the potential to affect the function of certain medical devices such as implanted cardiac pacemakers, implantable cardioverter/defibrillators, and spinal cord nerve stimulators.

Although the number of significant injuries due to this is very low, individuals who use an electronic medical device are advised not to stay near a metal detector longer than necessary or lean against the metal-detecting system.

If scanning with a hand-held metal detector is necessary, warn the security personnel that you have an electronic medical device and ask them not to hold the metal detector near the device longer than necessary. You may also ask for an alternate form of personal search.

JUSTICE AND COMMONWEALTH OF VIRGINA SETTLE ADA CASE

FROM: U.S. DEPARTMENT OF JUSTICE

Friday, August 24, 2012

Court Approves Comprehensive Agreement Between US and the Commonwealth of Virginia Regarding the Rights of Individuals with Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities

The U.S. District Court for the Eastern District of Virginia has approved a comprehensive settlement agreement between the United States and the Commonwealth of Virginia, resolving the department’s findings that Virginia’s system for serving people with intellectual and developmental disabilities violated the Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA). The department had found that Virginia was violating the ADA requirement, as interpreted by the Supreme Court’s decision in Olmstead v. L.C., to provide people with intellectual and developmental disabilities the opportunity to live and receive services in the community.

As the court noted in its order approving the settlement agreement, it "addresses pressing needs" and "dramatically changes the way Virginia provides services to" individuals with developmental disabilities. The settlement agreement will provide relief to more than 5,000 people by expanding community services and supports, including Medicaid-funded home and community-based waivers, crisis services, housing and employment supports and by establishing a comprehensive quality management system. The court further found that the agreement "is completely consonant with the principles set forth in the ADA, as interpreted . . . in Olmstead."

The agreement is court-enforceable, and an independent reviewer with decades of experience will monitor the commonwealth’s compliance with the agreement, meet with the parties and stakeholders, and issue regular reports.

The Justice Department and Virginia submitted the agreement for the court’s approval on Jan. 26, 2012. On March 6, 2012, the court provisionally approved the agreement and solicited public comment on it. After considering hundreds of submittals from a wide range of stakeholders and conducting a day-long hearing on June 8, 2012, the court determined that the agreement was "fair, reasonable, and adequate" with limited modifications. The department and the commonwealth then submitted modifications, and on August 23, 2012, the court formally approved the agreement as modified and entered it as a court order.

"We are pleased that the court, after hearing from thousands of very engaged stakeholders and examining the extensive record, gave final approval to the settlement agreement," said Thomas E. Perez, Assistant Attorney General for Civil Rights. "We commend the commonwealth of Virginia, and particularly the leadership of Governor McDonnell and Secretary Hazel, on the commitment they are already demonstrating to fully implementing the agreement. We also appreciate the deep interest and involvement of stakeholders, including those who have long fought for these changes as well as those who raised concerns."

"We are committed to ensuring that the agreement is implemented fairly on behalf of all Virginians with intellectual and developmental disabilities." said U.S. Attorney for the Eastern District of Virginia Neil H. MacBride.

Der fantastische Phobos

Der fantastische Phobos

THE 70TH ANNIVERSARY OF THE EIGHT AIR FORCE

FROM: U.S. DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE

GRAFTON UNDERWOOD, United Kingdom – Councilor James Hakewill, the Mayor of Kettering Borough, greets Maj. Gen. Stephen Wilson, Eighth Air Force commander, as he enters Boughton House Aug. 17. The day marked the 70th anniversary of the first Eighth Air Force bombers, from the 97th Bombardment Group (Heavy), participating in World War II which launched from Grafton Underwood. Col. Frank Armstrong, 97th BG commander, and the 340th Bomb Squadron commander Maj. Paul Tibbets (who later flew the Enola Gay to Hiroshima, Japan, on the first atomic bomb mission) piloted the lead aircraft of the group, Butcher Shop. In the leading aircraft of the second flight, Yankee Doodle, flew Gen. Ira C. Eaker, the commanding general of the VIII Bomber Command. (U.S. Air Force photo by Staff Sgt. Brian Stives)
　

England ceremony marks 70th anniversary of Eighth Air Force

By Staff Sgt. Brian Stives
501st Combat Support Wing Public Affairs
8/23/2012 - GRAFTON UNDERWOOD, United Kingdom (AFNS) -- U.S. and Royal Air Force leadership; local community leaders from Kettering, United Kingdom; and veterans marked the 70th anniversary of the first 8th Air Force bombers participating in World War II with a ceremony at Boughton House and a memorial service at Grafton Underwood Aug. 17.

At Boughton House 70 years ago, the Duke of Buccleuch loaned part of his 10,000-acre estate to the United States Army Air Forces, who built up Grafton Underwood Airfield on the grounds.

Leadership in attendance included Maj. Gen. Stephen Wilson, 8th Air Force commander; RAF Air Commodore R.L. Atherton, representing the U.K. Ministry of Defence; Air Chief Marshall Sir Stephen Dalton, RAF Chief of Air Staff; and Col. Brian Kelly, 501st Combat Support Wing commander;

"Our first heavy bomber air combat mission took place at this very spot 70 years ago today," said Wilson, during his remarks to more than 200 people in attendance. "Twelve B-17s departed Grafton Underwood, escorted by RAF Spitfires, to strike targets in occupied France. General Ira Eaker, my predecessor as the Commander of VIII Bomber Command, flew on the first mission himself. The bombing results were good and the formation only took minor damage. It was a solid start, and the press swooned at the story, but we knew we had a long way to go. That December, General Eaker told Fleet Street reporters in London, still hungry for good news, 'We won't do much talking until we've done more fighting. After we've gone, we hope you'll be glad we came.'"

Wilson talked about how RAF Bomber Command and VIII Bomber Command worked hand-in-hand striking at the heart of Germany's war-making capability with "around the clock - RAF Bomber Command at night, Eighth Air Force by day" bombings. They grew into the nickname "The Mighty Eighth" - with more than 350,000 Americans serving in England and flying more than 620,000 sorties from August 1942 to May 1945.

"Comprised of nearly 50 bomber groups and 20 fighter groups, the Eighth Air Force sent aloft the greatest air armada in history," said Wilson. "I doubt we'll ever see anything like it again. As many as 1,000 bomber and 1,000 fighter aircraft flew in a single maximum effort mission. A mission of this magnitude put more than 11,000 men in the air at one time. Unfortunately, not all of them made the return trip home."

Early on, aircrew losses were at a catastrophic 20 percent per mission. The chances of a crew making it to 25 missions were virtually nonexistent. Occasionally, one crew, or even just one person, would make it to the 25-mission mark.

"More than 26,000 Mighty Eighth Airmen made the ultimate sacrifice for our common cause. Another 28,000 became prisoners of war," said Wilson. 'Let me try to put this number in context. If we started the clock from 8th Air Force's inception in 1942 to the end of the war in Europe, we lost two Mighty Eighth Airmen every hour of every day, one killed and one became a prisoner of war, 24 hours a day, seven days a week, 365 days a year for almost three years."

The partnership with the RAF has continued for 70 years and Wilson addressed the brotherhood that has formed.

"Eighth Air Force has continued the tradition of delivering strategic airpower for 70 years," he said. "Like our forefathers of World War II, Eighth Air Force aircrews have never been turned back from a target by the enemy. The weather has turned us back and we have been recalled, but enemy action -- fighters or flack -- never turned the Airmen of The Mighty Eighth away from our target. Not in any conflict since our inception, from world War II, Korea, Vietnam, the Cold War, the Balkans, Afghanistan, Iraq, and most recently, Libya. And in almost every conflict, we have continued our remarkable relationship -- fighting shoulder-to-shoulder alongside our trusted wingmen from the RAF. Over the years, it has become hard to find an 8th Air Force bomber crew that hasn't shared a drink with their RAF brethren in some crowded bar on the far side of the world."

"Thank you for keeping our story alive -- Britain's and America's extraordinary story -- where two nations with a remarkable relationship stood shoulder-to-shoulder against tyranny and aggression, a story of epic resolve in the life-and-death struggle over the fate of the free world, an incredible story kept alive in the hearts and minds of our people," said Wilson.

The event at Boughton House was followed by a wreath-laying service near the 8th Air Force memorial at Grafton Underwood.

ULCHI FREEDOM GUARDIAN 2012 AND 59TH ANNIVERSARY OF KOREAN ARMISTICE

110819-N-XG305-208 BUSAN, Republic of Korea (Aug. 19, 2011) Gunner's Mate 1st Class Eduardo Soto explains the capabilities of the MK 38 25mm machine gun to Republic of Korea sailors during a tour aboard the U.S. 7th Fleet command ship USS Blue Ridge (LCC 19). Blue Ridge is in the Republic of Korea to participate in Ulchi Freedom Guardian 2011. (U.S. Navy photo by Mass Communication Specialist 3rd Class Mel Orr/Released)

FROM: U.S. DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE,
Ulchi Freedom Guardian Promotes Stability on Korean Peninsula

By Donna Miles
American Forces Press Service

WASHINGTON, Aug. 24, 2012 - As the United States and South Korea observe the 59th anniversary of the armistice that brought an unofficial end to the Korean War, their forces are sharpening their defensive capabilities through the Ulchi Freedom Guardian exercise.

More than 30,000 U.S. and South Korean service members are participating in what Army Gen. James D. Thurman, commander of Combined Forces Command, called "a key exercise in strengthening the readiness" of the two militaries.

Named in honor of a Korean military leader who repelled an invasion by China's Sui dynasty in the 7th century, Ulchi Freedom Guardian 12 kicked off Aug. 20 and continues through next week.

Seven United Nations Command states also are participating: Australia, Canada, Denmark, France, the United Kingdom, New Zealand, and Norway, officials said.

One of two annual Combined Forces Command peninsula-wide exercises, Ulchi Freedom Guardian is centered on readiness, deterrence and the ability to defend South Korea.

Driven by computer-assisted simulation, it is designed so senior leaders can exercise their decision-making capabilities, U.S. Forces Korea officials said, while also training commanders and staffs from both nations in combined planning, command and control operations, military intelligence, logistics and personnel procedures.

"It is based on realistic scenarios and enables us to train on our essential tasks with a 'whole of government' approach," Thurman said.

Ulchi Freedom Guardian is part of an ongoing focus on strengthening the U.S.-South Korea alliance while preparing South Korea to assume wartime operational control of its forces from the United States in 2015, officials said.

Thurman told the House Appropriations Committee this spring the U.S.-South Korea alliance is "as solid as ever," and said it serves as the foundation for the combined readiness of the two militaries. The general said he and his South Korean military counterparts are guiding military leaders and units of both militaries "to work and train closely with one another on a daily basis, and that effort builds combined strength, faith, and trust -- qualities that are essential for us to successfully accomplish our mission in Korea."

Training exercises like Ulchi Freedom Guardian, carried out in the spirit of the Oct. 1, 1953, ROK-U.S. Mutual Defense Treaty and in accordance with the armistice, advance those efforts, U.S. Forces Korea officials said.

"These exercises also highlight the longstanding military partnership, commitment and enduring friendship between the two nations, help to ensure peace and security on the peninsula and reaffirm the U.S. commitment to the Northeast Asia region," they said.

Ulchi Freedom Guardian 2012 comes at a time of transition on the peninsula, with the new and relatively untested North Korean leader, Kim Jong Un, continuing Pyongyang's pursuit of nuclear weapons in defiance of U.N. Security Council resolutions.

Navy Adm. Samuel J. Locklear III, commander of U.S. Pacific Command, told American Forces Press Service he considers North Korea the most pressing trouble spot in Pacom's vast area of responsibility.

"If there is anything that keeps me awake at night, it's that particular situation," the admiral said. "We have to ensure that we maintain as much of a stable environment on the Korean peninsula as we can."

Toward that end, Locklear relies heavily on Thurman's leadership to ensure that South Korean and U.S. forces remain strong. In March, he emphasized the importance of the U.S.-South Korean alliance in deterring aggression and maintaining security and stability and offered assurances of an "unwaverable" U.S. commitment to the alliance.

MARINE CORPS COMMANDANT SAYS MARINES ARE "CRISIS RESPONSE FORCE"

 

FROM:  U.S. DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE

U.S. Marine Corps Commandant Gen. James Amos

Marines Remain America's Crisis Response Force, Amos Says

By Jim Garamone
American Forces Press Service

WASHINGTON, Aug. 23, 2012 - The Marine Corps will remain America's crisis response force for the foreseeable future, the service's top officer said today.

This covers everything from humanitarian missions to military operations, Marine Corps Commandant Gen. James F. Amos told reporters during a roundtable discussion.

Amos also spoke about what the transition of U.S. strategy toward the Asia-Pacific region means to the Corps.

"The Marine Corps doesn't have a domain," he said. "The Navy has the water, the Army has ground and the Air Force has air and space. As I talk to my fellow service chiefs, I tell them, 'The Marine Corps is not interested in poaching in your domain, but we have a lane that appears as a result of a crisis."

The attributes the Marine Corps brings are a high-state of readiness, the ability to operate in austere environments and the ability to move quickly from the sea or via air, Amos said. "We appear, we do our nation's bidding, and then our lane disappears and we cooperate and operate well with our joint partners," he added.

Some issues that Amos said keep him awake at night are the drawdown in Afghanistan, the pending reduction of the Corps from 202,000 to 182,000 Marines, resetting and reconstituting the force, and the new defense strategy transition.

Part of that strategy calls for 22,000 Marines to be west of the International Date Line. "The agreement is a little over 10,000 Marines on Okinawa," Amos said. "We're comfortable with that."

The number of Marines in Iwakuni, Japan, will grow as C-130s, command and control assets and other units transfer. "Guam right now is looking at probably 4,500 Marines," he said. "Predominately, those forces will be rotational forces."

An agreement between the United States and Australia calls for a rotational force of about 2,500 Marines operating out of Darwin, he said. "Our two nations will set the pace on that," he added. "Right now, we have about 200 Marines, in Darwin and they will come out next month."

A significant portion of the Marine presence west of the date line will be on amphibious warfare ships, Amos said.

HISTORY OF UNDERSTANDING THE AGE OF THE UNIVERSE

FROM: NASA

Astronomers determine properties of the universe by fitting the WMAP data with models. Values for when the first stars appear, the amount of dark matter, the age of the universe etc. are adjusted in the model until the resulting background matches the WMAP observations. The model that best fits the data gives an age for the universe of 13.7 ± 0.2 billion years.
　

Early estimates of the Age of the Universe

In the 1920's Edwin Hubble discovered the expansion of the universe. He found that galaxies which are further away are moving at a higher speed following the law, v=Hd, where v is the velocity in km/s, d is the distance in Mpc, and H is the Hubble constant in km/s/Mpc. By independently measuring the velocity and distances to galaxies, the value of H could be determined. Astronomers further determined that the age of the universe is related to Hubble's constant, and that it is between 1/H and 2/3H depending on cosmological models adopted. The velocity could be determined via the redshift in the spectrum. The distance to the galaxy can be determined using observations of certain types of pulsating stars, called Cepheids, whose instrinsic brightness is related to the period of their brightness variation. However, the accuracy of the distance measurement was hampered by how faint ground based telescopes could see. Up until the 1990's, the best estimates for H were between 50 km/s/Mpc and 90 km/s/Mpc, giving a range on the age of the universe between 7 and 20 billion years.

Enter the Hubble Space Telescope

So in 1993, the orbiting Hubble Space Telescope began a "key project" to obtain distances to the Cepheids in 18 galaxies. Astronomers were able to obtain for the first time more precise distances, and a more accurate value of H. In 1999 after several years of observations with HST astronomers were able to estimate H to be 71 km/s/Mpc within 10% uncertainty, one of the greatest achievements of modern astronomy. Extrapolating back to the Big Bang, that value of H implied an age between 9 and 14 billion years old.

A New Approach using WMAP

In February 2003, the WMAP project released an all-sky map of the radiation emitted before there were any stars. This cosmic microwave background radiation (CMB) is the remnant heat from the Big-Bang and was predicted already in 1946 by George Gamow and Robert Dicke. Since then, astronomers have tried to detect and interpret the CMB. The first detection of the CMB was found in 1965 by chance by Arno Penzias and Robert Woodrow Wilson using a radiometer built to detect astronomical radio signals. They found an excess in their measurements which was later interpreted as the CMB, a 2.725 kelvin thermal spectrum of black body radiation that fills the universe. In 1992, the satellite Cosmic Background Explorer (COBE) which was designed to map the CMB showed for the first time large scale fluctuations in the CMB. These fluctuations were interpreted as evidences of what later formed clusters of galaxies and voids. However, only WMAP had the resolution and sensitivity to detect tiny fluctuations and constrain the age of the universe with high precision. The WMAP team's results are based on the underlying model used to fit their data. This model assumes that 70% of the energy of the present universe is in the form of dark energy, 26% of the energy is in the form of cold (not thermalized) dark matter, and the remaining 4% of the energy is in the atoms and photons. According to their estimates the universe is 13.7 billion years old with an uncertainty of 200 million years. The WMAP value of H is 71 ± 4 km/s/Mpc which is in agreement with the HST key project.

Another approach

Another way of obtaining the age of the universe is by dating stars. Some of the oldest stars live inside globular clusters and their ages have been extensively estimated in the past decade. For a while, astronomers were puzzled by the fact that those stars seemed to be a few billion years older than the age of the universe estimated from the Hubble constant. Is there a problem with H
or with the cluster's age? It turned out that age dating of globular clusters stars is very tricky and inaccurate distances to the clusters, as well caveats in stellar evolution, can solve the mystery. The age of clusters is proportional to one over the luminosity of the RR Lyra stars which are used to determine the distances to globular clusters. Therefore, accurate distances were needed and could only be obtained after the European Hipparcos satellite in the mid-90s. By using the new distance estimates, the age of the clusters fell from 15 billion years to 11.5 billion years with an uncertainty of about 1 billion year. These results agree with the age of the universe from both the Hubble constant and WMAP.
 
_{Publication Date: May 2006
NOTE: ABOVE "H" SHOULD BE "Ho."}

NOAA's National Weather Service SPC Tornado/Severe Thunderstorm Watches Update

NOAA's National Weather Service SPC Tornado/Severe Thunderstorm Watches Update

DEFENDANTS FACES UP TO 20 YEARS IN FRUDULENT IMMIGRATION SCHEME

FROM: U.S. DEPARTMENT OF JUSTICE
Friday, August 24, 2012

Final Defendant Pleads Guilty in Scheme to Defraud Consumers Seeking Immigration Services

Manager of Missouri Scheme Faces up to 20 Years in Prison

A Missouri woman pleaded guilty today for her role in a scheme to defraud consumers seeking immigration-related services, the Justice Department announced.

Elizabeth Lindsey Meredith, 24, pleaded guilty to conspiracy to commit mail fraud and wire fraud, six counts of mail fraud and seven counts of wire fraud in connection with Immigration Forms and Publications (IFP), a Sedalia, Mo., company that sold immigration forms generally available at no charge from the government. According to court documents, IFP sales representatives fraudulently told consumers that the company was affiliated with the government and that fees paid to IFP covered government processing charges. Meredith faces up to 20 years’ in prison, three years of supervised release and a fine of up to $250,000.

"Over a year ago, the Department of Justice announced its commitment to combatting immigration services scams, which often prey upon individuals who are in this country legally and trying to abide by the rules," said Acting Associate Attorney General Tony West. "Today’s guilty pleas represent an important step in our continued fight to protect vulnerable individuals against fraud."

"Consumers trust that government services are what they claim. We will not tolerate those who exploit that trust," said Stuart Delery, Acting Assistant Attorney General of the Department of Justice’s Civil Division.

According to court documents, Meredith was a manager of IFP, which operated in 2009 and 2010. In pleading guilty, Meredith admitted that IFP representatives falsely told consumers that the company employed paralegals who would help customers correctly fill out immigration forms, that IFP handled excess call volume for U.S. Citizenship and Immigration Services (USCIS), that fees paid to IFP included government processing fees, and that forms purchased through IFP would be processed more quickly than if consumers dealt directly with USCIS.

"Law-abiding immigrants sought help to complete government forms, but instead this company cheated hundreds of victims out of more than $400,000 and provided little or no help at all," said David M. Ketchmark, Acting U.S. Attorney for the Western District of Missouri. "This defendant managed the day-to-day operations of the Sedalia office; with her guilty plea today, all of the conspirators now will be held accountable for their fraud and deceit."

U.S. Magistrate Judge Matt J. Whitworth presided over the change of plea hearing.

Thomas Joseph Strawbridge, 49, and Thomas Barret Laurence, 30, previously pleaded guilty for th eir conduct in the same scheme.

These cases are being prosecuted by Alan Phelps and Adrienne Fowler, Trial Attorneys for the Civil Division’s Consumer Protection Branch, and Tony Gonzalez, Assistant U.S. Attorney for the Western District of Missouri. The cases were investigated by the FBI, the U.S. Postal Inspection Service, the Missouri Secretary of State Corporate Division, the Missouri Secretary of State Securities Division and the Missouri Attorney General’s Office. The Justice Department has also been working with the Federal Trade Commission on immigration services fraud cases and thanks the FTC for its assistance in this matter.

U.S. Department of Defense Armed with Science Update. ULTRA FAST LASERS

U.S. Department of Defense Armed with Science Update

PROFILE OF THE REPUBLIC OF TAJIKISTAN

FROM:  U.S. STATE DEPARTMENT

PROFILE Geography
Area: 141,978 sq. km.
Capital: Dushanbe.
Terrain: Pamir and Alay mountains dominate landscape; western Ferghana valley in north, Kofarnihon and Vakhsh Valleys in southwest.
Climate: Mid-latitude continental, hot summers, mild winters; semiarid to polar in Pamir mountains.

People (data from CIA World Factbook unless otherwise noted)
Population (October 2011 estimate): 7,728,400.
Population growth rate (October 2011 estimate): 1.9%.
Ethnic groups: Tajik 80%, Uzbek 15%, Russian and others 5%.
Religion (2010 Embassy est.): Sunni Muslim 85%, Shi'a Muslim 5%, other 10%.
Language: Tajik (the official state language as of 1994, with follow-up legislation in 2009); Russian is widely used in government and business; 74% (est. 2010) of the population lives in rural communities where mostly Tajik is spoken.
Education: Literacy--98.4%. The Tajik education system has been struggling through a period of decline since independence, and some evidence suggests functional literacy is much lower.
Health (2010 est.): Life expectancy--62.97 years men; 69.25 years women. Infant mortality rate--38.54 deaths/1,000 live births.

Government
Type: Republic.
Independence: September 9, 1991 (from Soviet Union).
Constitution: November 6, 1994.
Branches: Executive--chief of state: President Emomali RAHMON since November 6, 1994; head of state and Supreme Assembly Chairman since November 19, 1992; head of government (appointed by the president): Prime Minister Oqil OQILOV since December 20, 1999; Oqilov has reached mandatory retirement age, but has not yet been replaced. Cabinet: Council of Ministers appointed by the president, approved by the Supreme Assembly. Elections: president elected by popular vote for a 7-year term; election last held November 6, 2006. Election results: Emomali RAHMON 79.3%, Olimjon BOBOYEV 6.2%, Amir QAROQULOV 5.3%, Ismoil TALBAKOV 5.1%, Abduhalim GHAFFOROV 2.8%. Legislative--bicameral Supreme Assembly or Majlisi Oli consists of the Assembly of Representatives or Majlisi Namoyandagon (lower chamber; 63 seats; members are elected by popular vote to serve 5-year terms) and the National Assembly or Majlisi Milli (upper chamber; 34 seats; members are indirectly elected by popular vote to serve 5-year terms, 25 selected by local deputies, 8 appointed by the president, plus former presidents of Tajikistan--currently there is one; all serve 5-year terms). Elections: last held February 28, 2010, for the Assembly of Representatives. Official election results: percent of vote by party--People's Democratic Party of Tajikistan 71.04%, Islamic Revival 8.20%, Communist Party 7.01%, other 13.75%. Judicial--Supreme Court; judges are appointed by the president.
Political parties and leaders: People's Democratic Party of Tajikistan or PDPT [Emomali RAHMON]; Islamic Revival Party or IRPT [Muhiddin KABIRI]; Tajik Communist Party or CPT [Shodi SHABDOLOV]; Democratic Party or DPT [Maqsud Sobirov heads government-recognized faction; Mahmadruzi ISKANDAROV, currently serving 23-year prison term, is chairman of original DPT; Iskandarov’s faction of DPT is headed by Rahmatullo VALIYEV]; National Social Democratic Party or NSDPT [Rahmatillo ZOYIROV]; Socialist Party of Tajikistan or SPT [Abduhalim GHAFFOROV; Murhuseyn NARZIEV heads the original SPT party that is currently unrecognized by the government]; Agrarian Party or APT [Amir QAROQULOV]; Party of Economic Reform or PERT [Olimjon BOBOYEV].
Suffrage: 18 years of age, universal.
Defense (2010 est.): Military manpower (availability) 1,980,000.

Economy (data from IMF unless otherwise noted)
Nominal GDP: $5.64 billion (2010); $6.3 billion (2011).
Nominal per capita GDP (2010): $822.
Per capita GDP (purchasing power parity, 2009): $2,104.
GDP real growth rate: 6.5% (2010); 7.4% (2011); 7% (2012 projection).
Headline CPI inflation rate (end-of-year): 9.8% (2010); 13.6% (2011 projection); 10.0% (2012 projection).
Natural resources: Hydropower, some petroleum, uranium, gold, mercury, brown coal, lead, zinc, antimony, tungsten.
Work force (2010, CIA World Factbook): The official work force is 2.1 million. The actual number of working age citizens is closer to 4 million. As many as half of all working age males, and an increasing number of females, seek jobs outside of the country, primarily in Russia.
Official unemployment rate (2009, CIA World Factbook): 2.2% (2.6% reported by the State Statistics Agency in August 2011). The official rate is estimated based on the number of registered unemployment benefit recipients; it does not take into account the significant number of people who seek work abroad. Underemployment also is very high--possibly as high as 40% of the work force; 46.7% live below the poverty line according to the World Bank.
Agriculture: Products--cotton, grain, fruits, grapes, vegetables; cattle, sheep, goats.
Industry: Types--aluminum, gold, silver, antimony, zinc, lead, chemicals and fertilizers, cement, vegetable oil, textiles, metal-cutting machine tools, refrigerators and freezers.
Trade (State Statistics Agency data): Exports (2011)--$1.2 billion: aluminum, electricity, raw cotton, cotton fiber, gold, fruits and vegetables, vegetable oil, textiles. Main export partners include Russia, China, Iran, and Turkey. Imports (2011)--$3.2 billion: electricity, petroleum products, aluminum oxide, machinery and equipment, foodstuffs. Import partners include Russia, China, Kazakhstan, Turkey, Uzbekistan, Azerbaijan, Ukraine, and Turkmenistan.
Total public and publicly guaranteed external debt: $1.941 billion (2010); $2.124 billion (2011).
Debt/GDP ratio: 33.4% (2010 est.); 33.4% (2011).

GEOGRAPHY
At 36'40' northern latitude and 41'14' eastern longitude, Tajikistan is located between Kyrgyzstan and Uzbekistan to the north and west, China to the east, and Afghanistan to the south. Tajikistan is home to some of the highest mountains in the world, including the Pamir and Alay ranges. Ninety-three percent of Tajikistan is mountainous with altitudes ranging from 984 feet to 24,589 feet, with nearly 50% of Tajikistan's territory above 10,000 feet. Earthquakes of varying degrees are frequent. The massive mountain ranges are cut by hundreds of canyons and gorges; at the bottom of these run streams which flow into larger river valleys where the majority of the country's population lives and works. The principal rivers of Central Asia, the Amu Darya and the Syr Darya, both flow through Tajikistan, fed by melting snow and glaciers in the mountains of Tajikistan and Kyrgyzstan. Flooding and landslides sometimes occur during the annual spring thaw.

PEOPLE
Contemporary Tajiks are the descendants of various ancient Iranian inhabitants of Central Asia, in particular the Soghdians and the Bactrians, and possibly other groups, with an admixture of Mongols and Turkic peoples. The largely Shi’a inhabitants of the Pamir mountains speak a number of mutually unintelligible eastern Iranian dialects quite distinct from the Tajik spoken in the rest of the country. Until the 20th century, people in the region tended to identify themselves more by way of life--nomadic versus sedentary--and place of residence than by ethnic group. The distinction between ethnic Tajiks and Uzbeks was not always precise, and people in the region often used--and continue to use--each other's languages. The Soviets tended to reify ethnicity, and drew Central Asian republican boundaries so that they balanced ethnic representation in fertile areas such as the Ferghana Valley while also making large-scale ethnic mobilization difficult.

HISTORY
The current Tajik Republic hearkens back to the Samanid Empire (A.D. 875-999), which ruled what is now Tajikistan as well as territory to the south and west, as its role model and name for its currency. During their reign, the Samanids supported the revival of the written Persian language in the wake of the Arab Islamic conquest in the early 8th century and played an important role in preserving the culture of the pre-Islamic Persian-speaking world. They were the last Persian-speaking empire to rule Central Asia.

The expanding Russian Empire encompassed the territory that is now Tajikistan, along with most of the rest of Central Asia, during the late 19th and early 20th centuries. Russian rule collapsed briefly after the Russian Revolution of 1917, as the Bolsheviks consolidated their power and were embroiled in a civil war in other regions of the former Russian Empire. As the Bolsheviks attempted to regain Central Asia in the 1920s, an indigenous Central Asian resistance movement based in the Ferghana Valley, the "Basmachi movement," resisted but was largely eliminated by 1925. Tajikistan became fully established under Soviet control with the creation of Tajikistan as an autonomous Soviet socialist republic within Uzbekistan in 1924, and as an independent Soviet socialist republic in 1929. The northern Sughd region, previously part of the Uzbek republic, was added to the Tajik republic at this time.

GOVERNMENT AND POLITICAL CONDITIONS
The Republic of Tajikistan gained its independence during the breakup of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (U.S.S.R.) on September 9, 1991 and soon fell into a civil war. From 1992 to 1997 internal fighting ensued between old-guard regionally based ruling elites and disenfranchised regions, democratic liberal reformists, and Islamists loosely organized in a United Tajik Opposition (UTO). Other combatants and armed bands that flourished in this civil chaos simply reflected the breakdown of central authority rather than loyalty to a political faction. The height of hostilities occurred between 1992 and 1993. By 1997, the predominantly Kulyabi-led Tajik Government and the UTO had negotiated a power-sharing peace accord and implemented it by 2000. Once guaranteed 30% of government positions, former oppositionists have almost entirely been removed from government as President Rahmon has consolidated power.

The last Russian border guards protecting Tajikistan's 1,344 km border with Afghanistan completed their withdrawal in July 2005. Russia maintains its military presence in Tajikistan with the basing of the Russian 201st Motorized Rifle Division that never left Tajikistan when it became independent. Most of these Russian-led forces, however, are local Tajik noncommissioned officers and soldiers.

In June 2003, Tajikistan held a flawed referendum to enact a package of constitutional changes, including a provision to allow President Rahmon the possibility of re-election to up to two additional 7-year terms after his term expired in 2006. Tajikistan's 2006 presidential election and 2010 parliamentary elections were considered to be flawed and unfair but peaceful. President Rahmon secured a new 7-year term in the November 6, 2006 election. The Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe's Office for Democratic Institutions and Human Rights (ODIHR) determined that democratic practices were not fully tested "due to the absence of genuine competition, which provided voters with only nominal choices." There were four other candidates on the ballot but no strong opposition candidate. The strongest opposition party, the IRPT, decided not to field a candidate and two other parties (the DPT and SDPT) boycotted the presidential election. The ruling party secured 55 of the 63 seats in the 2010 parliamentary elections, which failed to meet many key ODIHR standards on democratic elections. Some observers saw them as even worse than the flawed 2005 parliamentary elections.

Lack of transparency in the legislative process and significant concerns regarding due process demonstrate the weakness of civil society in the country. Corruption is pervasive, and numerous observers have noted that power has been consolidated into the hands of a relatively small number of individuals.

Principal Government Officials
President--Emomali Rahmon
Prime Minister--Oqil Oqilov
Foreign Minister--Hamrokhon Zarifi
Ambassador to the United States--Abdujabbor Shirinov
Permanent Representative to the United Nations--Sirojiddin Aslov

Tajikistan established an embassy in Washington, DC in temporary offices in February 2003, and formally opened its first permanent chancery building in March 2004. Tajikistan's embassy in the United States is at 1005 New Hampshire Ave NW, Washington, DC 20037 (tel.: 202-223-6090; fax: 202-223-6091).

ECONOMY
Tajikistan is the poorest Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS) country and one of the poorest countries in the world. Foreign revenue is precariously dependent upon exports of cotton and aluminum and on remittances from Tajik migrant workers abroad, mainly in Russia. The economy is highly vulnerable to external shocks. Despite this, Tajikistan managed modest growth during the height of the recent economic crisis, and growth picked up again in 2010 (6.5%) and 2011 (7.4%).

Tajikistan has great hydropower potential and has focused on attracting investment for projects for internal use and electricity exports. Meanwhile, the country faces severe electricity shortages, particularly during the winter and beyond, when most of Tajikistan's inhabitants receive little or no electricity for weeks at a time. The government sees the construction of the massive Roghun hydroelectric dam as the solution to the country’s chronic energy woes, but the dam has been a source of increasing friction with Uzbekistan.

Tajikistan has followed a relatively strict fiscal and monetary policy, which has resulted in macroeconomic stability. However, government interference in the economy and massive corruption stifle economic growth and private investment. The government has attracted state-led investment for major infrastructure projects, particularly from China, rather than implementing the necessary economic reforms to attract private investors. Two-thirds of the workforce of Tajikistan is in agriculture, where wages are abysmally low and sometimes non-existent. Tajikistan struggles to implement agricultural reforms that would allow many farmers to grow the crop of their choice, rather than being forced to grow cotton, as has been the practice from Soviet times. Income from narcotics trafficking, while difficult to quantify, has an increasingly visible impact on the Tajik economy.

FOREIGN RELATIONS
Afghanistan continues to represent the primary security concern in Tajikistan's immediate neighborhood, although 2010 violence in Kyrgyzstan caused concern. With the ouster of the former Taliban government from Afghanistan, Tajikistan now has much friendlier relations with its neighbor to the south. The Taliban-allied Islamic Movement of Uzbekistan (IMU), a U.S. Government-declared terrorist organization formerly active in Afghanistan and Tajikistan, has also been greatly diminished as a threat to Tajikistan's domestic stability. Rampant illicit trafficking of Afghan opium and heroin through Tajikistan remains a serious long-term threat to Tajikistan's stability and development, fostering corruption, violent crime, and economic distortions.

Tajikistan has a difficult relationship with Uzbekistan. Uzbekistan is concerned about Tajikistan's plans to develop hydropower, which Uzbekistan views as a threat to downstream irrigation. Border disagreements arise sporadically between Tajikistan and Uzbekistan and the Kyrgyz Republic. For the most part these are minor disagreements concerning people moving across mostly unmarked borders, but occasionally disputes develop into situations where gunfire is exchanged. For the most part relations are strained but peaceful.

U.S.-TAJIK RELATIONS
The United States remains committed to assisting Tajikistan in its economic and political development, as Tajikistan continues to recover from its civil war legacy. U.S. assistance efforts are evolving away from humanitarian aid and political reconciliation, as those needs increasingly have been met. Instead, U.S. efforts are targeted toward broader goals of democratic, social sector, and economic reform.

U.S.-Tajik relations have developed considerably since September 11, 2001. The two countries now have a broad-based relationship, cooperating in such areas as counter-narcotics, counterterrorism, non-proliferation, and regional growth and stability. In light of the Russian border forces' withdrawal from the Tajik-Afghan border, the U.S. Government leads an international donor effort to enhance Tajikistan's territorial integrity; prevent the transit of narcotics and material or technology related to weapons of mass destruction (WMD); and support a stable, peaceful Tajikistan in order to prevent the spread of influence and activities of radical groups and terrorists. In February 2010, the U.S. and Tajikistan launched an annual bilateral consultation process to enhance cooperation on a broad range of policy and assistance issues.

The U.S. continues to assist Tajikistan on economic reforms and integration into the broader global marketplace, for example in pursuing World Trade Organization (WTO) accession. U.S. assistance also supports health and education, as well as democracy, media, and local governance. Tajikistan has been a strong supporter of U.S. efforts on counterterrorism and in promoting peace and stability in Afghanistan.

A U.S. Government-funded $36 million bridge over the Amu Darya River connecting Sher Khan, Afghanistan with Nizhniy Pyanzh, Tajikistan opened for commercial traffic in October 2007 and about 200 trucks cross daily. Since the opening, trade volume has more than tripled. The bridge and related customs facilities will continue to enhance economic and commercial opportunities on both sides of the river, allowing goods and people to move across more easily. On the Afghan side, the bridge road will connect to the Afghan Ring Road.

The U.S. Export-Import Bank and JP Morgan guaranteed and funded a $182 million purchase of Boeing 737-900ER airliners for the private Tajik airline company "Somon Air."

The United States recognized Tajikistan on December 25, 1991, the day the U.S.S.R. dissolved, and opened a temporary embassy in a hotel in the capital, Dushanbe, in March 1992. After the bombings of U.S. embassies in Africa in 1998, Embassy Dushanbe American personnel were temporarily relocated to Almaty, Kazakhstan, due to heightened Embassy security standards. American Embassy Dushanbe has since returned to full operations and in July 2006 moved into a purpose-built embassy compound.

WATER IMPACT TESTING ON ORION SPACECRAFT

FROM: NASA
Orion Spacecraft Water Impact Testing

Water impact test of an 18,000-pound (8,165 kilogram) test version of the Orion spacecraft at NASA's Langley Research Center on Thursday, Aug. 23, 2012.

Swing drop testing began last summer at Langley's Hydro Impact Basin to certify the Orion spacecraft for water landings. In this series of tests, Orion is being dropped vertically into the pool for the first time, which will help fine-tune the way NASA predicts Orion's landing loads.

The Orion spacecraft and the Space Launch System (SLS), NASA’s next crew capsule and heavy-lift rocket, will provide an entirely new capability for human exploration. Designed to be flexible for launching spacecraft for crew and cargo missions, SLS and Orion will expand human presence beyond low Earth orbit and enable new missions of exploration across the solar system.

Image Credit: NASA

$250 BILLION IN TRANSACTIONS WITH IRAN HIDDEN FROM U.S. REGULATORS BY BANK

FROM: WEBSITE U.S. SENATOR CARL LEVIN

Levin statement on Standard Chartered Bank settlement
Wednesday, August 15, 2012

WASHINGTON – Sen. Carl Levin, D-Mich., chairman of the Senate Permanent Subcommittee on Investigations, issued the following statement today about the settlement between the New York Department of Financial Services and Standard Chartered Bank:

"The New York State Department of Financial Services appropriately held Standard Chartered Bank accountable for hiding $250 billion in transactions with Iran from U.S. regulators, for misrepresenting four days of Iranian transactions as the total from an entire year, and for getting an outside auditor to water down a supposedly independent report on the bank’s actions. The agency made it clear that foreign banks cannot hide OFAC-covered transactions and force our regulators to trust that the banks got it right. The agency was right to make it clear that concealing OFAC-covered transactions to prevent U.S. review of them is unacceptable and a violation of our laws. The agency also showed that holding a bank accountable for past misconduct doesn’t need to take years of negotiation over the size of the penalty; it simply requires a regulator with backbone to act. New York’s regulatory action sends a strong message that the United States will not tolerate foreign banks giving rogue nations like Iran hidden access to the U.S. financial system."

Teens’ healthy habits

Teens’ healthy habits

European Space Agency United Kingdom (EN) Update SPACE BUGS

European Space Agency United Kingdom (EN) Update