SEVEN FOREIGN CITIZENS HAVE ASSETS FROZEN OVER SEC INSIDER TRADING CHARGES

FROM:  SEC
Washington, D.C., April 6, 2012 — The Securities and Exchange Commission today announced that it has obtained a court-ordered freeze of the assets of six Chinese citizens and one British Virgin Islands entity charged with insider trading in Zhongpin Inc., a China-based pork processor whose shares trade in the U.S.
The SEC’s complaint, filed in U.S. District Court in Chicago on April 4, alleges the defendants reaped more than $9 million by trading in Zhongpin ahead of a March 27 announcement of a proposal to take the company private.  The complaint names as defendants one entity, Prestige Trade Investments Ltd., and six individuals, Siming Yang, Caiyin Fan, Shui Chong (Eric) Chang, Biao Cang, Jia Wu, and Ming Ni.  The SEC alleged that Yang formed Prestige in January and funded its U.S. brokerage account in March with $29 million transferred from a Hong Kong bank.

According to the SEC’s complaint, the seven defendants bought substantial quantities of common stock and call options in Zhongpin between March 14 and March 26. Zhongpin’s stock price jumped 21.8% on March 27 when the company publicly announced that its Chairman and CEO Xianfu Zhu had made a non-binding offer to acquire all of Zhongpin’s outstanding stock at $13.50 a share, a 46% premium over the previous day’s closing price.

“The defendants in this action – all with seemingly limited resources - suddenly and inexplicably purchased more than $20 million in Zhongpin securities just before an important public announcement,” said Merri Jo Gillette, Director of the SEC’s Chicago Regional Office. “The SEC’s swift action to secure a judicial freeze order prevented millions of dollars from moving offshore.”

The SEC alleges that the purchases of Zhongpin stock and options were inconsistent with the defendants’ financial situations and prior investment behavior.  In particular:
The defendants’ trades made up a significant portion of the trading in Zhongpin between March 14 and March 26.  Prestige’s purchases alone represented about 41% of the common stock trading in this period.

Only one of the defendants had traded in Zhongpin before March 14.

For most of the individual defendants, the purchases of Zhongpin securities equaled or exceeded their stated annual income and represented a significant portion of their net worth.

Yang identified himself to his broker as an accountant in China with an annual income of $52,500 and a net worth of less than $250,000, when at the time he was a research analyst with a New York–based registered investment adviser.

Each of the defendants placed at least some of their trades from computer networks and hardware that other defendants also used to place trades.
The SEC alleges that the defendants violated federal anti-fraud laws, namely Section 10(b) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 and Rule 10b-5 thereunder. In addition to the emergency relief, the SEC is seeking permanent injunctions, disgorgement of ill-gotten gains with prejudgment interest, and financial penalties. The emergency court order that the SEC obtained on April 4 on an ex parte basis froze defendants’ assets held in U.S. brokerage accounts, grants expedited discovery and prohibits the defendants from destroying evidence.
Jedediah B. Forkner, Marlene B. Key and John E. Kustusch in the Chicago Regional Office conducted the SEC’s investigation, which is continuing.  Timothy S. Leiman will lead the SEC’s litigation effort.

The Commission thanks the Options Regulatory Surveillance Authority and the Financial Industry Regulatory Authority for their assistance in this matter.

NAVY HELPS OUT VIRGINIA BEACH RESIDENTS AFTER PLANE CRASH

FROM:  U.S. NAVY

VIRGINIA BEACH, Va. (April 7, 2012)

Cmdr. Frank Hutchison, assigned to the staff of the Navy Region Mid-Atlantic Judge Advocate General, and Lt. Rob Singer, assigned to the staff of the Naval Air Station Oceana Judge Advocate General, help residents affected by the April 6, 2012 crash of an F/A-18D Hornet apply for aide services offered by the Navy. The aircraft damaged an apartment complex after crashing shortly after takeoff. U.S. Navy photo by Mass Communication Specialist 3rd Class Antonio P. Turretto Ramos (Released) 120407-N-DC018-194

AFGHAN AND U.S FORCES SIGN TRANSITION AGREEMENT ON SPECIAL OPERATIONS

FROM:  AMERICAN FORCES PRESS SERVICE

U.S., Afghan Forces Sign Special Operations Agreement

From an International Security Assistance Force News Release

KABUL, Afghanistan, April 8, 2012 - An agreement signed here today begins a process for Afghan national security forces to take the lead on special operations in Afghanistan.

Marine Corps Gen. John R. Allen, commander of U.S. Forces Afghanistan, and Afghan Defense Minister Abdul Rahim Wardak signed a memorandum of understanding that means Afghan special operations units will lead the way in effectively targeting insurgents and ensures special operations will continue to be conducted with full respect for Afghanistan's sovereignty, law and constitution, officials said.

Allen said the agreement marks a significant milestone in the transition process agreed upon at NATO's November 2012 summit in Lisbon, Portugal. It continues advancement of sovereignty for the Afghan people and in the shared effort to formalize a long-term U.S.-Afghan strategic partnership, he added.

Along with an agreement signed last month that begins transitioning the Parwan detention facility to Afghan defense ministry control, today's memo "gives tangible expression" to the vision of a national community leaders council held in November and to the will of the Afghan people, Allen said.

"The Afghan special operations units have developed at extraordinary speed and are manned by courageous and capable operators," the general said. "In large measure, this MOU is a result of the professionalism of the national directorate of security and the Afghan national security forces. We also recognize the growing capacity of the Afghan judicial system, which will play a vital part not only in the implementation of this agreement, but also in the lives of Afghan citizens."

"Today, we are one important step closer to our shared goal of a secure and sovereign Afghanistan," he continued. "Together, we will realize this vision."

CFTC COMES OUT AGAINST BETTING ON ELECTION OUTCOMES WITH DERIVATIVES

FROM CFTC
CFTC Issues Order Prohibiting North American Derivatives Exchange’s Political Event Derivatives Contracts
Washington, DC – The Commodity Futures Trading Commission (CFTC) today issued an order pursuant to Section 5c(c)(5)(C)(ii) of the Commodity Exchange Act and CFTC Regulation 40.11(a)(1), prohibiting the North American Derivatives Exchange (Nadex) from listing or making available for clearing or trading a set of self-certified political event derivatives contracts. The contracts are binary option contracts that pay out based upon the results of various U.S federal elections to be held in 2012.

Nadex self-certified the contracts on December 19, 2011, and on January 3, 2012, the CFTC initiated a 90-day review period of the contracts pursuant to CFTC Regulation 40.11(c). As a result of reviewing the complete record, the CFTC determined that the contracts involve gaming and are contrary to the public interest, and cannot be listed or made available for clearing or trading. By a separate letter, the CFTC also requested that Nadex withdraw its self-certification of related rule amendments that were submitted by Nadex to enable trading of the contracts.

STATE DEPARTMENT NAMES EVAN LYSAEK AS SPORTS ENVOY

FROM U.S. STATE DEPARTMENT
U.S. Department of State Names Evan Lysacek as Sports Envoy
April 6, 2012
The U.S. Department of State’s Bureau of Educational and Cultural Affairs has named Olympic gold medalist figure skater Evan Lysacek as a Sports Envoy. On his inaugural trip done in partnership with U.S. Figure Skating, Lysacek will travel to Stockholm, Sweden and Minsk, Belarus April 6 – 13.

While in Sweden, Lysacek will hold ice skating clinics with youth from the Stockholm area, organized in cooperation with the non-governmental organization Sports Without Borders. In Minsk, from April 11 - 13, Lysacek will conduct clinics with the Skating Union of Belarus and speak with students of the University of Physical Culture about the importance of sports in society. He will also attend a competition for wheelchair fencers and wheelchair dancers.

Mr. Lysacek won the gold medal in the 2010 Vancouver Winter Olympic Games and was named the U.S. Olympic Committee’s Sportsman of the Year in 2010. In 2010, he also won the Amateur Athletic Union’s Sullivan Award, given to the most outstanding U.S. amateur athlete of the year based on athletic accomplishments, leadership skills, character and sportsmanship.

Sports diplomacy builds on Secretary Clinton’s vision of “smart power” diplomacy, which embraces the use of a full range of diplomatic tools, including sports, to bring people together for greater understanding.

Sports Envoys are current and retired professional athletes and coaches from a range of sports that travel overseas to conduct clinics and team building activities, as well as engage youth in a dialogue on the importance of education, positive health practices and respect for diversity. The U.S. Department of State’s sports diplomacy division, SportsUnited, works in close partnership with professional sports leagues, the U.S. Olympic Committee, and respective National Governing Bodies so that American athletes may engage overseas youth in positive dialogue. SportsUnited is the Bureau of Educational and Cultural Affairs’ division devoted to sports diplomacy programs at the U.S. Department of State. Since 2003, SportsUnited has brought more than 900 athletes from 58 countries to the U.S. to participate in Sports Visitor programs. Since 2005, SportsUnited has sent more than 200 U.S. athletes to over 50 countries to participate in Sports Envoy programs.

MAN SENTENCED FOR FIREBOMBING HOME OF INTERRACIAL COUPLE

FROM:  DEPARTMENT OF JUSTICE
Friday, April 6, 2012
Arkansas Man Sentenced for His Role in Firebombing Residence of Interracial Couple
The Department of Justice announced today that Gary Dodson, 33, of Waldron, Ark., was sentenced in Little Rock for his involvement in firebombing the residence of an interracial couple.   On Dec. 7, 2011, Dodson pleaded guilty to conspiring to violate the civil rights, criminal interference with housing rights due to race and possession of an unregistered firearm/destructive device.    District Judge Billy Roy Wilson sentenced Dodson to 15 years in prison and 3 years of supervised release for the three counts of conviction.

During his plea, Dodson admitted that on the night of Jan. 14, 2011, he attended a party where he and three other men, Jake Murphy, Dustin Hammond and Jason Barnwell, devised a plan to firebomb the victims’ house.   Dodson then drove the other men to purchase gas for the firebomb and then Dodson drove everyone to the victims’ house in Hardy, Ark. When they arrived, Barnwell, Murphy and Hammond constructed three Molotov cocktails and threw them at the house.   They damaged the victims’ house; however, no one was injured.

Murphy and Hammond previously pleaded guilty to conspiring to and violating the civil rights of the victim.   Both received sentences of 54 months incarceration and three years of supervised release.   In June 2011, Wendy Treybig, who co-hosted the party on Jan. 14, 2011, with Barnwell, pleaded guilty to obstructing justice.   She was sentenced on Dec. 13, 2011, to 21 months incarceration and three years of supervised release.   Jason Barnwell pleaded guilty on Aug. 26, 2011, and was sentenced on Jan. 27, 2012 to 20 years incarceration.

“With today’s sentencing, we can finally close the book on this terrible incident of racial hatred,” stated Assistant Attorney General for the Civil Rights Division Thomas E. Perez.    “The sentence reflects the gravity of these kinds of crimes.   The Civil Rights Division will continue to pursue justice in hate crimes such as these, where victims are targeted because of the color of their skin.”

U.S. Attorney for the Eastern District of Arkansas Christopher R. Thyer said, “The very strength we have in our communities is a result of the diversity of its people.   Those who perpetrate crimes against others solely because of racial differences will find, as these four defendants have, that there is a price to pay.   The laws that protect our communities leave no tolerance for hate crimes.”

This case was investigated by the Little Rock Office of the FBI and the Little Rock Office of the Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives, with assistance from the Arkansas State Police, the Hardy and Waldron Police Departments, and the Scott and Sharp County Sheriff’s Offices.    It was prosecuted by Assistant U.S. Attorney John Ray White of the Eastern District of Arkansas, and Trial Attorneys Cindy Chung and Henry Leventis of the U.S. Department of Justice Civil Rights Division.

ROUNDING PRINCIPAL OF ROYAL WEST PROPERTIES, INC., SENTENCED IN$135 MILLION FRAUD CASE

FROM:  SEC
Royal West Properties, Inc. Founding Principal Sentenced In $135 Million Investor Fraud
On April 4, 2012, U.S. District Judge Kathleen Williams of the Southern District of Florida sentenced Gaston E. Cantens to five years’ imprisonment followed by three years of supervised release for conspiring to commit mail and wire fraud in violation of 18 U.S.C. §371 involving a $135 million securities offering fraud and Ponzi scheme targeting Cuban-American investors primarily from South Florida. Cantens, who is now 73, served as president of Royal West Properties, Inc. (Royal West), a Miami-based real estate developer that purchased and resold thousands of parcels of real estate on the west coast of Florida. Cantens funded Royal West by offering investors no-risk promissory notes that promised investors annual returns of 9% to 16% purportedly backed by recorded mortgage assignments. On January 25, 2012, Cantens pled guilty to a criminal Information filed by the United States Attorney for the Southern District of Florida. According to the Information, beginning in 2008, Cantens made numerous material misrepresentations to investors about the financial health of Royal West when Cantens knew that Royal West, among other things, paid existing investors with new investors’ funds, assigned the same collateral to multiple investors, assigned investors to non-performing or non-existing mortgages, and failed properly to record mortgages and other interests in the public records, causing investors to have unsecured legal interests in the mortgages and parcels.

On March 3, 2010 the SEC filed an injunctive action that named Cantens and his wife, Teresita Cantens, as defendants.  The SEC’s complaint alleged that Cantens and his wife violated Sections 5(a), 5(c) and 17(a) of the Securities Act of 1933 and Section 10(b) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 and Rule 10b-5. On March 24, 2011, both Cantens and Teresita Cantens each consented to entry of a Final Judgment of Permanent Injunction and Other Relief in the SEC action. In addition to being enjoined from further violations of the federal securities laws, Cantens and his wife were ordered to pay full injunctive relief and disgorgement of $5,276,750, along with prejudgment interest of $88,297.62. The Order forgoes seeking payment of civil penalties under Section 20(d) of the Securities Act and Section 21(d) of the Exchange Act based on the Cantens’s asserted inability to pay as evidenced by their sworn financial statements and supporting documents submitted to the Commission staff.

THREE BARRED FROM PARTICIPATING IN ANY PENNY STOCK OFFERING

FROM:  SEC
Commission Bars Peter Emrich, Frank Rossi, And Dana Valensky from Association with any Broker, Dealer, Investment Adviser, Municipal Securities Dealer, or Transfer Agent and From Participating in any Offering of a Penny Stock

On April 5, 2012, the Commission issued orders barring Peter Emrich (Emrich), Frank Rossi (Rossi), and Dana Valensky (Valensky) (jointly Respondents) from association with any broker, dealer, investment adviser, municipal securities dealer, or transfer agent and from participating in any offering of a penny stock based on their criminal convictions for offenses arising from their sale of securities in unregistered offerings.

Without admitting or denying the findings in the Orders Making Findings and Imposing Remedial Sanctions Pursuant to Section 15(b)(6) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, except as to jurisdiction and convictions, which the Respondents each admitted, the Respondents each consented to the entry of separate orders making findings and imposing remedial sanctions.

Emrich consented to an order making the following findings:
From approximately April 1999 through May 2001, Emrich, a resident of San Rafael, California, acted as an unregistered broker-dealer by selling the securities of Out of the Black Partners LLC in unregistered private offerings (the Out of the Black Offering). Emrich held Series 7, 24, 39, and 63 licenses. On June 18, 2003, Emrich pleaded guilty to one count of conspiracy to commit securities fraud in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 371 before the United States District Court for the Eastern District of New York in United States v. Kozak, et al., 02-CR-879 (the “Kozak Case”), a criminal case arising from the Out of the Black Offering. On May 10, 2010, a criminal judgment was entered against Emrich. He was sentenced to two years probation and ordered to pay restitution of $178,775. The count of the indictment in the Kozak Case to which Emrich pleaded guilty, alleged, among other things, that between approximately April 1999 and May 2001, Emrich, and others conspired to defraud investors by concealing the actual amount of sales commissions that would be paid from the proceeds of the Out of the Black Offering.
Rossi consented to an order making the following findings:

From approximately December 1997 through December 1998, Rossi, a resident of Buffalo, New York, acted as an unregistered broker-dealer by selling the securities of Little Giant LLC in an unregistered private offering (the Little Giant Offering). From approximately October 1998 through June 2000, Rossi acted as an unregistered broker-dealer by selling the securities of Heritage Film Group LLC in an unregistered private offering (the Heritage Offering). Rossi held Series 6 and Series 63 licenses. On April 24, 2003, Rossi pleaded guilty before the United States District Court for the Eastern District of New York to two counts of conspiracy to commit securities fraud in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 371 in United States v. Leonard, et al. 02-CR-881 (the “Leonard Case”), a criminal case arising from the Little Giant Offering and the Heritage Offering. On March 21, 2011, a criminal judgment was entered against Rossi. He was sentenced to two years probation. The counts of the indictment to which Rossi pleaded guilty in the Leonard Case alleged, among other things, that Rossi and others conspired to defraud investors by concealing the actual amount of sales commissions that would be paid from the proceeds of the Little Giant and Heritage Offerings.
Valensky consented to an order making the following findings:

Valensky, a resident of Laguna Niguel, California, controlled Vanguard Entertainment Productions, Inc., a California corporation that operated as an independent sales office that offered and sold securities in the Heritage Offering. Valensky acted as an unregistered broker-dealer in the Heritage Offering. Valensky held Series 22 and 63 licenses but was not associated with an entity registered with the Commission during the Heritage Offering. Valensky pleaded guilty before the United States District Court for the Eastern District of New York to one count of conspiracy to commit securities fraud in the Leonard Case and two counts of conspiracy to commit securities fraud in U.S. v. Noorai, et al., 02-CR-880 (the Noorai Case), a criminal case arising from a private offering of securities. On November 10, 2010, a criminal judgment was entered against Valensky in the Nooraiand Leonard Cases. Valensky was sentenced to concurrent terms of three years probation in the Noorai andLeonard Cases.

Robots For The Future

Robots For The Future

STATEMENT BY STATE DEPARTMENT ON TRANSITION IN YEMEN

FROM:  U.S. STATE DEPARMENT
Political Transition in Yemen
Press Statement Mark C. Toner
Acting Spokesperson, Office of the Spokesperson Washington, DC
April 7, 2012
The United States welcomes President Abdo Rabo Mansour Hadi's announcement of civilian and military personnel transfers as part of the ongoing political transition in Yemen. The changes signify the National Consensus Government's commitment to fulfilling the aspirations of the Yemeni people and restoring stability to the country. In spite of those who seek to derail the transition, President Hadi has demonstrated strong leadership by steadfastly implementing the agreed-upon political settlement. We join the diplomatic corps in Sana'a in urging all parties to cooperate fully with the presidential decree so that Yemen may continue to pursue a peaceful and orderly transition.

ANTARCTIC TELESCOPE SUPPORTS EXPLANATION OF DARK ENERGY FORCE

FROM NATIONAL SCIENCE FOUNDATION
Credit: Daniel Luong-Van, National Science Foundation

NSF-funded 10-meter South Pole Telescope in Antarctica provides new support for the most widely accepted explanation of dark energy, the source of the mysterious force that is responsible for the accelerating expansion of the universe.

April 2, 2012
Analysis of data from the National Science Foundation- (NSF) funded 10-meter South Pole Telescope (SPT) in Antarctica provides new support for the most widely accepted explanation of dark energy, the source of the mysterious force that is responsible for the accelerating expansion of the universe.

The results begin to hone in on the tiny mass of the neutrinos, the most abundant particles in the universe, which until recently were thought to be without mass.
The SPT data strongly support Albert Einstein's cosmological constant--the leading model for dark energy--even though researchers base the analysis on only a fraction of the SPT data collected and only 100 of the over 500 galaxy clusters detected so far.

"With the full SPT data set we will be able to place extremely tight constraints on dark energy and possibly determine the mass of the neutrinos," said Bradford Benson, an NSF-funded postdoctoral scientist at the University of Chicago's Kavli Institute for Cosmological Physics.

Benson presented the SPT collaboration's latest findings, Sunday, April 1, at the American Physical Society meeting in Atlanta.

These most recent SPT findings are only the latest scientifically significant results produced by NSF-funded researchers using the telescope in the five years since it became active, noted Vladimir Papitashvili, Antarctic Astrophysics and Geospace Sciences program director in NSF's Office of Polar Programs.

"The South Pole Telescope has proven to be a crown jewel of astrophysical research carried out by NSF in the Antarctic," he said. "It has produced about two dozen peer-reviewed science publications since the telescope received its 'first light' on Feb. 17, 2007. SPT is a very focused, well-managed and amazing project."

The 280-ton SPT stands 75 feet tall and is the largest astronomical telescope ever built in the clear and dry air of Antarctica. Sited at NSF's Amundsen-Scott South Pole station at the geographic South Pole, it stands at an elevation of 9,300 feet on the polar plateau. Because of its location at the Earth's axis, it can conduct long-term observations.

NSF manages the U.S. Antarctic Program through which it coordinates all U.S. scientific research on the southernmost continent and aboard ships in the Southern Ocean as well as providing the necessary related logistics support.

An international research collaboration led by the University of Chicago manages the South Pole Telescope. The collaboration includes research groups at Argonne National Laboratory; Cardiff University in Wales; Case Western Reserve University; Harvard University; Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität in Germany; the Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory; McGill University in Canada; the University of California, Berkeley; the University of California, Davis; the University of Colorado Boulder; and the University of Michigan, as well as individual scientists at several other institutions.

SPT specifically was designed to tackle the dark-energy mystery. The 10-meter telescope operates at millimeter wavelengths to make high-resolution images of Cosmic Microwave Background (CMB) radiation, the light left over from the big bang.

Scientists use the CMB to search for distant, massive galaxy clusters that can be used to pinpoint the properties of dark energy and also help define the mass of the neutrino.
"The CMB is literally an image of the universe when it was only 400,000 years old, from a time before the first planets, stars and galaxies formed in the universe," Benson said. "The CMB has travelled across the entire observable universe, for almost 14 billion years, and during its journey is imprinted with information regarding both the content and evolution of the universe."

The new SPT results are based on a new method that combines measurements taken by the telescope and by NASA and European Space Agency X-ray satellites, and extends these measurements to larger distances than previously achieved.

The most widely accepted property of dark energy is that it leads to a pervasive force acting everywhere and at all times in the universe. This force could be the manifestation of Einstein's cosmological constant that assigns energy to space, even when it is free of matter and radiation.

Einstein considered the cosmological constant to be one of his greatest blunders after learning that the universe is not static, but expanding.

In the late 1990s, astronomers discovered the universe's expansion appears to be accelerating according to cosmic distance measurements based on the relatively uniform luminosity of exploding stars. The finding was a surprise because gravity should have been slowing the expansion, which followed the big bang.

Einstein introduced the cosmological constant into his theory of general relativity to accommodate a stationary universe, the dominant idea of his day. But his constant fits nicely into the context of an accelerating universe, now supported by countless astronomical observations.

Others hypothesize that gravity could operate differently on the largest scales of the universe. In either case, the astronomical measurements point to new physics that have yet to be understood.

As the CMB passes through galaxy clusters, the clusters effectively leave "shadows" that allow astronomers to identify the most massive clusters in the universe, nearly independent of their distance.

"Clusters of galaxies are the most massive, rare objects in the universe, and therefore they can be effective probes to study physics on the largest scales of the universe," said John Carlstrom, the S. Chandrasekhar Distinguished Service Professor in Astronomy & Astrophysics, who heads the SPT collaboration.

"The unsurpassed sensitivity and resolution of the CMB maps produced with the South Pole Telescope provides the most detailed view of the young universe and allows us to find all the massive clusters in the distant universe," said Christian Reichardt, a postdoctoral researcher at the University of California, Berkeley and lead author of the new SPT cluster catalog paper.

The number of clusters that formed over the history of the universe is sensitive to the mass of the neutrinos and the influence of dark energy on the growth of cosmic structures.
"Neutrinos are amongst the most abundant particles in the universe," Benson said. "About one trillion neutrinos pass through us each second, though you would hardly notice them because they rarely interact with 'normal' matter."

The existence of neutrinos was proposed in 1930. They were first detected 25 years later, but their exact mass remains unknown. If they are too massive they would significantly affect the formation of galaxies and galaxy clusters, Benson said.

The SPT team has been able to improve estimates of neutrino masses, yielding a value that approaches predictions stemming from particle physics measurements.

"It is astounding how SPT measurements of the largest structures in the universe lead to new insights on the evasive neutrinos," said Lloyd Knox, professor of physics at the University of California at Davis and member of the SPT collaboration. Knox will also highlight the neutrino results in his presentation on Neutrinos in Cosmology at a special session of the APS on Tuesday, April 3.

NSF's Office of Polar Programs primarily funds the SPT. The NSF-funded Physics Frontier Center of the Kavli Institute for Cosmological Physics, the Kavli Foundation and the Gordon and Betty Moore Foundation provide partial support.

FEEDING THE MISSION IN AFGHANISTAN

FROM AMERICAN FORCES PRESS SERVICE
Marine Corps Cpl. Peter Espinoza puts chicken into a range burner at Forward Operating Base Jackson, Afghanistan, April 2, 2012. Espinoza says he enjoys helping morale by providing hot, balanced meals to Marines. Espinoza and Marine Corps Lance Cpl. Thomas Nichols cook for more than 400 Marines daily. U.S. Marine Corps photo by Lance Cpl. Timothy Lenzo 



Face of Defense: Marines Feed Battalion, Fuel Mission
By Marine Corps Lance Cpl. Timothy Lenzo
Regimental Combat Team 6, 1st Marine Division
FORWARD OPERATING BASE JACKSON, Afghanistan, April 5, 2012 - The tent looks like all the others around here: tan canvas, zipper doors and Velcro all around. Marines pass by without giving it a second glance, heading to work, the gym or guard duty.


Inside the tent, it's hotter than the blazing Afghan sun. The strong aroma of grilled chicken and seasonings fills the room. The Marines work furiously, moving from tables to sinks to shelves and back again.


It's noon, five hours before dinner, but these Marines know it takes hours of preparation to feed more than 400 hungry Marines.
"In the hours beforehand, we are taking portion counts and making a complete menu," said Marine Corps Cpl. Peter Espinoza, food service chief, 1st Battalion, 7th Marine Regiment.


Espinoza, from Chicago, said it's especially important for Marines to get a balanced meal while in a deployed environment. Marines are patrolling and standing guard in Afghan heat. If they don't get the right nutrients they can go down from heat exhaustion and fatigue, he explained.


"They are working so hard out here, so I make sure they have a starch, a protein, vegetables and plenty of fluids," Espinoza said.


Tonight, the Marines are eating steak and chicken fajitas, with onions, peppers, rice and pita bread. Espinoza said the hot food is great for Marines who normally eat packaged, shelf-stable meals in the field.


"They come into the [mess] hall and see a vat full of hot food and their eyes light up," said Marine Corps Lance Cpl. Thomas Nichols, food service specialist. Nichols, from Williamsburg, Va., said he takes pride in knowing he's helping the morale of the troops. He knows they are hungry after a day of patrolling, he said, and is happy to help.
The adverse conditions here pose a challenge for food service specialists in keeping food sanitary.


"There is a lot of dust everywhere, and with the hot weather, you really have to keep hot things hot and cold things cold," Espinoza said.


Espinoza keeps his workstation organized to help sanitation. He keeps food separate and designates certain work areas inside the tent for specific tasks. He and Nichols improvise at times, using a makeshift grill or experimenting with desserts.


"We don't have the things we normally have back in [the States]," said Espinoza, whose family owns several restaurants in Chicago. "We have to work with what we have."
Nichols said that while the tools may be different in a deployment, the mission is not: to feed and fuel Marines.


After everyone eats and the mess hall quiets down, two Marines are left. Espinoza and Nichols stay after serving the other Marines to clean up and prepare for breakfast. They'll wake up early to have a hot breakfast ready for the Marines to start their day. They know they're contributing to the mission by providing the fuel behind the battalion.

U.S. ARMY DOES COLD WEATHER ENVIRONMENTS COMMUNICATIONS TESTING IN ALASKA

FROM: U.S. DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE
Written on APRIL 7, 2012 AT 8:39 AM by GLENN.SELBY
Passing The Cold Weather Test
An operator wearing the Army-issued Extended Cold Weather Clothing Systems works with a Warfighter Information Network-Tactical, or WIN-T, Increment 2 Tactical Communications Node, Jan. 13, 2012, during the two-week WIN-T Increment 2 Cold Weather Natural Environments Testing at Fort Greely, Alaska. (U.S. Army photo)
By Amy Walker, PEO C3T

Even after being frozen overnight at negative 35-degree temperatures in the severe winter conditions of Alaska, the elements of the Army’s second-generation tactical communications network backbone were up and running.

Warfighter Information Network-Tactical, or WIN-T, Increment 2, successfully completed its Cold Weather Natural Environments Testing in January at Fort Greely, Alaska, receiving positive test results in the execution and in its recently released test report from the Army’s Aberdeen Test Center. The data will be used to support a Full-Rate Production, or FRP, decision for WIN-T Increment 2, with a successful FRP decision providing the green light for the network’s fielding in Fiscal Year 2013.

“This was a very successful test and all of the equipment performed as we would have expected in extreme arctic conditions,” said Lt. Col. Robert Collins, product manager for WIN-T Increments 2 and 3. “Whether in the desert or in adverse cold environments, WIN-T Increment 2 will provide the needed on-the-move tactical network communications for maneuver elements on the battlefield all the way down the company level.”

The cold weather test sets the stage for WIN-T Increment 2's formal operational test, which is the system’s final assessment prior to the full rate production decision.
This strenuous, three-week Initial Operational Test and Evaluation, knows as IOT&E, will take place in May at White Sands Missile Range, N.M., in conjunction with the Army’s Network Integration Evaluation, or NIE, 12.2. It will allow the Army to assess the suitability and effectiveness of the WIN-T Increment 2 system with an operational unit, while yielding feedback to make any needed doctrinal, material or training improvements before the system is fielded.

WIN-T Increment 2 is the centerpiece of Capability Set 13, the first integrated group of network technologies that will be fielded to up to eight brigade combat teams starting in fiscal year 2013. Capability Set 13 has taken shape through the NIEs, part of the Army’s Agile Process that integrates and will deliver new technologies to soldiers much more quickly than normal acquisition cycles allow.

Similar to a home Internet connection, WIN-T Increment 1 provides soldiers with high-speed, high-capacity voice, data and video communications to units at battalion level at-the-halt. WIN-T Increment 2 is a major upgrade and introduces numerous additional capabilities including an on-the-move communications network that reaches down to the company echelon for the first time.
Among the objectives of the WIN-T Increment 2 Cold Weather Natural Environments Testing, was an assessment and documentation of the impact of icing, high wind, safety, operation of equipment by soldiers in cold gear and other factors associated with extreme cold weather conditions. The team was also required to assess the impacts of extreme cold weather on transmission performance for line-of-sight and satellite links both at-the-halt and on-the-move. Procedures for the operation of the increment’s general configuration items, including raising and lowering antenna masts, also had to be validated.
“There are regions in the world that have these extreme cold weather environments, and it’s imperative for the soldier to know in advance some of the lessons that we have learned up in Alaska so they will be prepared for equipment set up and use when they are deployed,” said Tom Franey, WIN-T Increment 2 Reliability Test Lead. “Validating the technical manual procedures in these conditions is imperative to ensure that soldiers deployed to these extreme environments have the knowledge and information they need to operate the equipment and perform their missions successfully.”

For protection in extreme cold weather, soldiers are issued Extended Cold Weather Clothing Systems, or ECWCS. The test operators for the Cold Weather Natural Environments Testing were able to successfully execute all of the tests wearing this Army-issued equipment.

“The operators wore these cold weather clothing systems so that we could document the human factor when they are operating the equipment, such as how they can use mittens and move around in the clothing system,” Franey said. “It was important for us to have the operators wear exactly what the soldiers would be wearing in the field.”

The cold weather testing included several on-the-move threads, at-the-halt deployments and storage of the communications equipment. At-the-halt tests were performed in low light conditions following a cold soak of the configuration items overnight at temperatures that measured below negative 35 degrees. The next day the operators were able to bring all of the equipment back up to its operating temperature by utilizing the Environmental Control Units, known as ECUs, inside each platform.

“Because a lot of this equipment is commercial-off-the-shelf, you really can’t operate it in negative 35 degrees, but the ECUs bring the equipment back up to operating temperatures,” said Franey. “That was successful and we able to get all of the equipment up and running.”

The PM deployed WIN-T Increment 2's main configuration items for the test including the Tactical Communications Node, or TCN, which is the centerpiece and hub of the WIN-T Increment 2 network; the Point of Presence, which will be installed on tactical combat platforms to enable mobile mission command by providing secret level on-the-move network connectivity; the Soldier Network Extension, which will be installed on tactical combat platforms to extend the network down to the company level; and the Vehicle Wireless Package, which extends the WIN-T network to command post vehicles moving in convoy with the TCN. It also provided the Tactical Relay Tower (TR-T), which provides extended range for the Highband Networking Radio; and the Satellite Transportable Terminal +, which provides satellite communications at-the-quick-halt.

Along with the other tests, the Cold Weather Natural Environments Testing team was also required to test the operation of this equipment in the dark, with Fort Greely having provided the perfect test bed since during the month of January it only sees about four to five hours of sunlight each day. The low light environment tests were needed to document and provide lessons-learned on equipment usage and set-up.

“The TR-T has a 30 meter stand-alone mast and in the dark it’s hard to see the top of that mast as it is going up,” Franey said. “Soldiers in the field are issued a special flashlight and in the dark we were able to successfully bring everything up from ground zero to operating.”

As the Army now makes final preparations for the IOT&E, and for the eventual fielding and training of WIN-T Increment 2, it will leverage knowledge gained during the cold weather test.

“There were several lessons-learned concerning the operation of the WIN-T Increment 2 equipment in this environment, and to soldiers deployed to these extreme cold conditions in some remote location of the world, having those insights and knowledge early is vital to program success and mission execution,” Collins said. “We are pleased with the favorable test results as we move closer to sending Increment 2 to the battlefield.”

VIOLATORS OF EPA LEAD RENOVATION, REPAIR AND PAINTING RULE GET FINED

FROM EPA
EPA Fines Violators of the Lead Renovation, Repair and Painting Rule
WASHINGTON – The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) announced three enforcement actions for violations of the Lead Renovation, Repair and Painting Rule (RRP) and other lead rules. The RRP rule requires the use of lead-safe work practices to ensure that common renovation activities like sanding, cutting and demolition, which can create hazardous lead dust, are conducted properly by trained and certified contractors or individuals. EPA finalized the RRP rule in 2008 and the rule took effect on April 22, 2010.

“Exposure to lead can cause serious health problems and affects our most vulnerable population, our children,” said Cynthia Giles, assistant administrator for EPA’s Office of Enforcement and Compliance Assurance. “By taking action to enforce lead rules we are protecting people’s health and ensuring that businesses that follow the rules have a level playing field.”

On March 21, 2012, Colin Wentworth, a rental property owner who was responsible for building operation and maintenance, agreed to pay $10,000 to resolve violations of the RRP rule. The complaint alleged that Mr. Wentworth’s workers violated the rule by improperly using power equipment to remove paint from the exterior surface of an 1850’s apartment building he owns in Rockland, Maine. The complaint also alleged that the workers had not received any training under the rule and that Mr. Wentworth had failed to apply for firm certification with the EPA. Because the lead dust had not been properly contained, residents were potentially exposed and the dust could have also contaminated the ground surrounding the apartment building. Two of the four units in the building were rented to recipients of U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development Section 8 vouchers and there were at least four children under the age of 18, including one under the age of six, living in the units. The Maine Department of Environmental Protection and the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) also responded to the alleged violations.

On March 20, 2012, Valiant Home Remodelers, a New Jersey window and siding company, agreed to pay $1,500 to resolve violations from failing to follow the RRP rule during a window and siding replacement project at a home in Edison, N.J. Valiant Home Remodelers failed to contain renovation dust, contain waste, and train workers on lead-safe work practices.

On February 21, 2012, Johnson Sash and Door, a home repair company located in Omaha, Neb., agreed to pay a $5,558 penalty for failing to provide the owners or occupants of housing built prior to 1978 with an EPA-approved lead hazard information pamphlet or to obtain a written acknowledgement prior to commencement of renovation activities at five homes. The complaint also alleged that Johnson failed to obtain initial certification prior to performing renovations at these residences.

As required by the law, a company or individual’s ability to pay a penalty is evaluated and penalties are adjusted accordingly.

These recent actions are part of EPA’s effort to ensure that contractors and individuals follow the RRP requirements and other lead rules to protect people’s health from exposure to lead. Lead exposure can cause a range of health effects, from behavioral problems and learning disabilities to seizures and death, putting young children at the greatest risk because their nervous systems are still developing.

CONTRACTOR SELECTED FOR NEW U.S. EMBASSY IN LONDON

FROM U.S. STATE DEPARTMENT
Early Contractor Involvement Selection Announced for New London Embassy
Media Note Office of the Spokesperson Washington, DC
April 5, 2012
The Department of State’s Bureau of Overseas Buildings Operations (OBO) has selected B.L. Harbert International, LLC of Birmingham, Alabama for the New London Embassy (NLE) preconstruction and construction services contract.

Five firms – all of which submitted proposals – were invited to participate in the solicitation process, including Caddell Construction Company, joint venture Clark Construction/Foulger-Pratt, Hensel Phelps Construction Company, and Walsh Construction Company.

Working as one team, B.L. Harbert will collaborate with design competition winner Kieran Timberlake of Philadelphia, Pennsylvania and OBO in the preconstruction design phase, and then proceed with the construction of the facility.

In the vanguard of OBO’s Design Excellence initiative, the NLE will advance the highest standards of design, landscape, and sustainability as a welcoming presence on the London cityscape while supporting our special relationship with the United Kingdom. Construction of the NLE is scheduled for completion in 2017.

About OBO:
Since 1999, as part of the Department’s Capital Security Construction Program, OBO has completed 88 new diplomatic facilities and has an additional 41 projects in design and construction. The program has successfully moved more than 27,000 people into new diplomatic facilities, furthering OBO’s mission to provide safe, secure, and functional facilities that represent the U.S. Government to the host nation and support our staff in achieving U.S. foreign policy objectives. These facilities should represent American values and the best in American architecture, engineering, technology, sustainability, art, culture, and construction execution.

MICHELLE OBAMA AT WALTER REED FISHER HOUSE

First Lady Michelle Obama greets 4-year-old Eun White at Fisher House No. 4 on the campus of Walter Reed National Military Medical Center in Bethesda, Md., April 4, 2012. DOD photo by Terri Moon Cronk

FROM AMERICAN FORCES PRESS SERVICE
First Lady Visits Families at Walter Reed Fisher House
By Terri Moon Cronk
BETHESDA, Md., April 4, 2012 - The first ladies of the United States and the U.S. military helped to observe Easter and the Month of the Military Child here today by visiting children and their families at a Fisher House on the campus of Walter Reed National Military Medical Center.

Foundation donates homes built on the grounds of major military and Veterans Affairs Department medical centers. The homes give family members a comfortable place to stay to be close to a loved one during hospitalization for an unexpected illness, disease or injury.

Bearing treats for everyone in the group, First Lady Michelle Obama walked into a flurry of children's Easter craft-making, greeted by a large sign in a rainbow of colors that said, "Welcome Mrs. Obama." Deanie Dempsey, wife of chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff Army Gen. Martin E. Dempsey, also was on hand.

"It is always one of my favorite things to come visit Fisher House," Obama told the group of about 45 recovering service members, their spouses and children. "This house is a home away from home to so many of our military families. The work they do here is amazing. Every single house that I have visited is just like this -- the level of quality, the level of comfort, the staff is always is amazing."

The first lady told the group that staying at the Fisher House while their service member is an inpatient or recovering at Walter Reed is something they deserve.

"Our military families, our troops -- you all deserve this kind of high-level treatment for what you go through for this country, for what you sacrifice," she said. "This should be the kind of place that welcomes you in times like these. So we always are just thrilled to shine a light on the good work [of the Fisher House]."

Obama said she came to the Fisher House to visit the families who are staying at house No. 4 at the medical center, but that she didn't come empty-handed. She brought White House-baked Easter cookies for everyone. As a second surprise, the first lady brought each family tickets for April 9's 134th annual White House Easter Egg Roll.
"It's very exciting," she said of the egg roll amid applause. "It's going to be so much fun. ... We've got hula hooping, and we've got tennis, and we've got games. So come ready to play, OK?"

Obama then revealed what she called the "most important treat" of her visit.
"I brought one of my best friends in the whole world, my only son," she said. Then Bo, the Obamas' Portuguese water dog, emerged wearing bunny ears as the children squealed with delight.

"Do you guys want to see Bo?" she asked as she began making her way to each of five tables to visit with every child and family member in the room.
Every child gave the first lady a handmade Easter card, and she signed copies of Marc Brown's children's book, "Arthur Meets the President."

LUCAS THE ROBOT WITH THE HUMAN FACE

FROM DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE ARMED WITH SCIENCE

Dr. Greg Trafton (left) and Lucas the Robot at the Laboratory for Autonomous Systems Research (LASR)

Admittedly, the initial idea of a robot with a face conjures up memories of every single SciFi robot movie I’ve ever seen.  Usually involving humans fleeing in terror as the autonomous voice screams “kill, kill” while shooting  rockets out of a gun-arm.  Or overly negative and depressed, like Marvin the Paranoid Android.  Frankly, I’d take my chances with the later.  He’d be a downer, but at least he has no plans for world domination.

Despite my preconceived notions of the robotic overlord race that is sure to enslave (or depress) us all, my experience at the Navy’s new robotics lab was a little less dramatic.  What I discovered was not a legion of soldier robots, but a team of highly trained scientists prepared to explain how they’re working toward a goal of integrating robotics into military life.

The brand new Laboratory for Autonomous Systems Research (LASR), located at the Naval Research Laboratory (NRL) in Washington, D.C. is spearheading efforts to combine human interaction with robotic skill and capability.  The goal is to take the best of both worlds and find a way to make missions easier and more effective for service members.  This means everything from locating IEDs to fighting fires.

So how are they doing that?  It all starts in the lab, of course.

This complicated and scientific process involves running experiments on autonomous systems in different situations and different environments.  Luckily, LASR is equipped with different environmental rooms designed to provide just that.  Scientists who work at the lab can step into the desert for a quick sandstorm, then walk across the hall to the rainforest to run experiments.  All of this without having to set foot outside the Navy’s new robotics laboratory.

“It’s the first time that we have, under a single roof, a laboratory that captures all the domains in which our sailors, Marines and fellow DOD service members operate,” said Rear Adm. Matthew Klunder, chief of naval research. “Advancing robotics and autonomy are top priorities for the Office of Naval Research. We want to reduce the time it takes to deliver capability to our warfighters performing critical missions. This innovative facility bridges the gap between traditional laboratory research and in-the-field experimentation—saving us time and money.”

Several of the projects going on in this lab are working toward creating viable solutions for problems service members might actually face.  One of these is Damage Control for the 21st Century—a program to develop firefighting robots for use aboard Navy ships.

Meet Lucas.

Lucas is a computerized cognitive model robot.  This means he’s designed to act the way a person does, and reacts the way a person might.  He’s built with a trifecta of skills: mobile, dexterous and social capabilities.  This means that he’s able to assume people think differently (e.g. don’t always come to the same conclusions), and he understands human limitations.

This concept is known as the “theory of the mind”, as Dr. Greg Trafton explained.  Trafton, a roboticist at the Navy Center for Allied Research in Artificial Intelligence, Information Technology Division, NRL explained that Lucas was created to appear more human than robot so he could solve human problems in a more practical manner.  Basically, Trafton’s working to create robots that think.

Lucas “thinks” using computational theories to find out what a person might be thinking in certain situations.  Lucas – and his female counterpart, Octavia – can see and understand words, expressions, even hand gestures.

THE GHOST OF WHITE HOUSE EASTER PAST

On Monday April 9, 2012, the First Family will host the 134^th annual White House Easter Egg Roll. This year's theme is “Let's Go, Let's Play, Let's Move” and more than 35,000 people will be joining us on the South Lawn for games, stories, and, of course, the traditional egg roll on the Lawn.

THE WHITE HOUSE EASTER EGG ROLL STARTED IN 1878

UNDER DIRECTION OF PRESIDENT RUTHERFORD B. HAYES

                                   PICTURES FROM WHITE HOUSE PHOTO LIBRARY

WHITE HOUSE EASTER EGG ROLL 1898

EASTER 1903

EASTER 1920

EASTER 1922

EASTER 1923

ELEANOR ROOSEVELT POSES WITH SOME CHILDREN  ON EASTER 1939

EASTER 1953

EASTER 1963

EASTER 1966

EASTER 1982

EASTER 1994

EASTER 2002

PRESIDENT OBAMA AND FAMILY EASTER 2011

WOUNDED NAVY PETTY OFFICER RETURNS TO DUTY

FROM:  AMERICAN FORCES PRESS SERVICE
Navy Petty Officer 3rd Class Chase Speed waits for the patrol order before departing friendly lines at Forward Operating Base Whitehouse, Afghanistan, during a March 30, 2012, operation. Speed was injured during a firefight when an enemy bullet went through his waistline, and after a two-week recovery period, he went back to the fight. U.S. Marine Corps photo by Sgt. Albert J. Carls

Face of Defense: Wounded Corpsman Returns to Action
By Marine Corps Sgt. James Mercure
Regimental Combat Team 6, 1st Marine Division
FORWARD OPERATING BASE WHITEHOUSE, Afghanistan, April 6, 2012 - Navy Petty Officer Third Class Chase Speed still has the blood-soaked belt he was wearing when an insurgent put a bullet through it last year.

Speed, a native of Orangeburg, S.C., was serving as a corpsman with Charlie Company, 1st Battalion, 8th Marine Regiment, the day his platoon was inserted by helicopter into Jahazi, a small town that was a hotbed for insurgent activity.

"I saw guys watching us from the tree line and from a compound to our southeast. A fire-team element of military-age males went into the same compound so we knew our position was about to get attacked," Speed said. "Sure enough, we started to take fire from the compound, and our staff sergeant yelled to take cover, and then we began to engage them. As we were bounding to a different compound, I got hit and kept running another 50 meters. I got on the ground facing the enemy and kept firing to protect my guys."

Suffering from a deep laceration in his right hip, while consistently receiving automatic weapons fire from the insurgents, Speed heard his staff sergeant yell, "Corpsman up!"
"I half ran, half limped to the Marine we thought was in trouble," Speed said. "I checked him out, and he didn't have any apparent injuries, so we busted into a nearby compound. I told him, 'I think I got shot in the [butt].' We both laughed about that in the middle of the firefight."

Once inside the compound, Speed was able to check his wounds and begin to apply first aid.
"I looked down and saw I had an entrance wound near the base of my spine, and the exit wound was coming out of my right hip," he said. "Luckily, the bullet cauterized the wound, so there wasn't as much bleeding as there could have been."
After the Marines called for a medical evacuation for their 'Doc,' his right leg had gone numb. He could no longer walk without help.

"A sergeant had to help me get to the bird as it was coming in. I hadn't taken any of the meds I was carrying in case my Marines got hurt worse than me," Speed said. "So I was glad when the crew chief gave me something to dull the pain when I got on the helicopter."

After several operations and two weeks of recovery at Camp Bastion, 'Doc' Speed returned to his unit, which was still engaged in the fight.
"The day he got back he was still smiling and as happy-go-lucky as ever," said Navy Petty Officer 1st Class Gerald Brant Jr., an independent duty corpsmen who worked with Speed last year and during his current deployment. "It was like getting shot didn't affect him. He still went on patrols with his Marines and still kept up like nothing happened to him."
Throughout the whole ordeal, Speed has stayed positive, setting his sights on continuing his career in the Navy.

"Ever since I got injured, I've had more pride in the uniform and understand that if you get knocked down, you have to get right back up," the Purple Heart Medal recipient said. "I get sharp pains every now and then, but it doesn't slow me down a bit. I still keep up with my guys, and I keep pushing forward no matter what, because my Marines count on me, and I will be there for them."
Speed is serving as a corpsman with Police Advisor Team 2, 1st Bn., 8th Marines, and he said he plans on becoming a naval officer as a critical care nurse after returning from his current deployment.

18TH ANNIVERSARY OF 1994 RWANDAN GENOCIDE

FROM:  U.S. STATE DEPARTMENT
18th Commemoration of the 1994 Rwandan Genocide
Press Statement Mark C. Toner
Acting Spokesperson, Office of the Spokesperson Washington, DC
April 6, 2012
The United States joins countries on April 7 throughout the world as we collectively remember the approximately 800,000 Rwandan men, women and children who, over the course of 100 days, were brutally murdered in Rwanda’s genocide 18 years ago. We offer heartfelt sympathies to the families of the victims and to the survivors who suffered through one of the most horrific events in history.

This is a solemn day of remembrance. We commemorate those who were lost, and we are also are inspired and encouraged by Rwandans’ relentless determination to move beyond this tragedy to rebuild their country and reestablish peace and hope for their children. Since the genocide, Rwanda has made remarkable strides in health, education and agriculture, and has done much to promote regional stability and good governance. Once a country steeped in violent conflict, Rwanda has emerged as an important contributor to the global economy, and to global peace as one of the largest and most effective peacekeepers in the world. Rwanda continues to deliver impressive results in economic growth and development, and the U.S-Rwanda Bilateral Investment Treaty that entered into force in January promises to further open avenues for investment, trade and ties between our countries.

As we honor the victims of the 1994 genocide, the United States affirms its commitment to continue to work together with the people and Government of Rwanda to ensure that freedom, justice and peace are respected and enjoyed by all.