Showing posts with label ICE LOSS IN ANTARCTICA. Show all posts
Showing posts with label ICE LOSS IN ANTARCTICA. Show all posts

Monday, April 30, 2012

WARM OCEAN CURRENTS CAUSE MAJORITY OF ICE LOSS FROM ANTARCTICA


FROM:   NASA
WASHINGTON -- Warm ocean currents attacking the underside of ice 
shelves are the dominant cause of recent ice loss from Antarctica, a 
new study using measurements from NASA's Ice, Cloud, and land 
Elevation Satellite (ICESat) revealed. 

An international team of scientists used a combination of satellite 
measurements and models to differentiate between the two known causes 
of melting ice shelves: warm ocean currents thawing the underbelly of 
the floating extensions of ice sheets and warm air melting them from 
above. The finding, published today in the journal Nature, brings 
scientists a step closer to providing reliable projections of future 
sea level rise. 

The researchers concluded 20 of the 54 ice shelves studied are being 
melted by warm ocean currents. Most of these are in West Antarctica, 
where inland glaciers flowing down to the coast and feeding into 
these thinning ice shelves have accelerated, draining more ice into 
the sea and contributing to sea-level rise. This ocean-driven 
thinning is responsible for the most widespread and rapid ice losses 
in West Antarctica and the majority of Antarctic ice sheet loss 
during the period studied. 

"We can lose an awful lot of ice to the sea without ever having 
summers warm enough to make the snow on top of the glaciers melt," 
said the study's lead author Hamish Pritchard of the British 
Antarctic Survey in Cambridge, United Kingdom. "The oceans can do all 
the work from below." 

To map the changing thickness of almost all the floating ice shelves 
around Antarctica, the team used a time series of 4.5 million surface 
height measurements taken by a laser instrument mounted on ICESat 
from October 2003 to October 2008. They measured how the ice shelf 
height changed over time and ran computer models to discard changes 
in ice thickness because of natural snow accumulation and compaction. 
The researchers also used a tide model that eliminated height changes 
caused by tides raising and lowering the ice shelves. 

"This study demonstrates the power of space-based, laser altimetry for 
understanding Earth processes," said Tom Wagner, cryosphere program 
scientist at NASA Headquarters in Washington." Coupled with NASA's 
portfolio of other ice sheet research using data from our GRACE 
mission, satellite radars and aircraft, we get a comprehensive view 
of ice sheet change that improves estimates of sea level rise." 

Previous studies used satellite radar data to measure the evolution of 
ice shelves and glaciers, but laser measurements are more precise in 
detecting changes in ice shelf thickness through time. This is 
especially true in coastal areas. Steeper slopes at the grounding 
line, where floating ice shelves connect with the landmass, cause 
problems for lower-resolution radar altimeters. 

ICESat was the first satellite specifically designed to use laser
altimetry to study the Earth's polar regions. It operated from 2003 to 2009. Its successor, ICESat-2, is scheduled for launch in 2016. "This study demonstrates the urgent need for ICESat-2 to get into space," said Jay Zwally, ICESat project scientist at NASA's Goddard Space Flight Center in Greenbelt, Md. "We have limited information on the changes in polar regions caused by climate change. Nothing can look at these changes like satellite measurements do." The new research also links the observed increase in melting that occurs on the underside of a glacier or ice shelf, called basal melt, and glacier acceleration with changes in wind patterns. "Studies have shown Antarctic winds have changed because of changes in climate," Pritchard said. "This has affected the strength and direction of ocean currents. As a result warm water is funnelled beneath the floating ice. These studies and our new results suggest Antarctica's glaciers are responding rapidly to a changing climate." A different picture is seen on the Antarctic Peninsula, the long stretch of land pointing towards South America. The study found thinning of the largest ice shelf on the peninsula can be explained by warm summer winds directly melting the snow on the ice shelf surfaces. The patterns of widespread ocean-driven melting and summer melting on the Antarctic Peninsula can be attributed to changing wind patterns. The study was carried out by an international team from the British Antarctic Survey, Utrecht University in Utrecht, Netherlands, the University of California in San Diego and the non-profit research institute Earth and Space Research in Corvallis, Ore.

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