WILL WHITE NOSE SYNDROME COME OUT OF CAVES AND MINES AS BATS EMERGED FROM HIBERNATION

FROM:  NATIONAL SCIENCE FOUNDATION
Hibernation season over, will disease-ridden bats emerge from caves and mines this spring?

White Nose Syndrome now infects bats in several northeastern U.S. states
Hibernacula, they're called: Places where species like bats hibernate.

Bats by the thousands congregate in such caves and mine shafts, spending their winters away from the elements.

Now they're anything but safe.

Their promixity to one another, along with the caves' and mines' natural humidity, has fueled the outbreak of one of the worst bat diseases in history: White Nose Syndrome (WNS).

First diagnosed in bats in a cave near Albany, N.Y., in 2006, WNS spread from bat to bat, colony to colony, across the northeastern United States.

The disease is caused by the fungus Pseudogymnoascus destructans, which results in a skin infection, a distinctive white growth around the muzzles and on the wings of bats. WNS spreads as bats hibernate in winter.

As of 2012, the disease was linked to some 6.7 million North American bat deaths.

The fungus was likely carried to the United States by humans traveling to and from Europe, scientists believe.

WNS and the skin lesions it causes are widespread in European bats. In Europe's bats, however, no mass mortality has been documented. Why? Researchers are working to find answers.

Back across the pond: From Vermont to Virginia and beyond

In the United States, WNS has been present for several years in Vermont, New York, Pennsylvania, Maryland, Virginia and West Virginia, says biologist Winifred Frick of the University of California, Santa Cruz.

She and colleagues recently published a paper in the journal Global Ecology and Biogeography that details the disease in 468 bat colonies in these six states.

The scientists compared the results with those from 640 colonies in eight European countries: Norway, the United Kingdom, the Netherlands, Belgium, France, Portugal, the Czech Republic and Bulgaria.

WNS infections have been confirmed in all these nations but for Norway, where no surveys have yet been conducted.

"We used four decades of population counts in 16 species of hibernating bats," says Frick, "to determine the effect of WNS on bats in North America compared to those in Europe."

WNS caused a 10-fold decrease in colony sizes of hibernating bats in eastern North America, a dramatic decline across multiple bat species, Frick says.

Most affected, perhaps, is the northern long-eared bat, Myotis septentrionalis. The species is being considered for listing under the U.S. Endangered Species Act. Northern long-eared bats have vanished from some 69 percent of the hibernacula where they were once found.

"Mortality from WNS has placed this bat species in peril," says Frick. "It now appears at significant risk of extinction."

Into the field...or the cave

To obtain information on the status of bat colonies, biologists visit subterranean habitats where bats hibernate during winter--caves, mines, old war bunkers, anywhere that's dark, cool, moist and protected from harsh winds and freezing temperatures.

There scientists count numbers of bats in each species. For the past few decades, such winter censuses have taken place every year or every other year in countries in Europe and North America, says Frick.

In the recent study, she and co-authors focused on bats in the family Vespertilionidae, which has members on both the European and North American continents.

"North America and Europe don't share any of the same bat species," she says, "so we compared bats related at the family level."

U.S. and European bat colonies now similar-sized

The researchers found that declines in U.S. bat populations have resulted in colonies in North America and Europe that are roughly the same size.

"The finding raises the intriguing question of whether hibernating bat colonies in Europe used to be larger prior to the presence of WNS," says Frick. "It hints that disease may be an important hidden force behind basic ecological patterns in bats and other species across continents."

Sam Scheiner, program director in the National Science Foundation's (NSF) Division of Environmental Biology, agrees. Scheiner represents the joint NSF-National Institutes of Health-Department of Agriculture Ecology and Evolution of Infectious Diseases (EEID) program, which funded the research.

"This study provides important insights into how a devastating disease has affected bats in the U.S.," he says. "Such information is essential for developing management plans to help save these species."

The EEID program supports efforts to understand the ecological and biological mechanisms behind human-induced environmental changes and the emergence and transmission of infectious diseases.

The benefits of research on the ecology and evolution of infectious diseases, says Scheiner, include development of theories about how diseases are transmitted, increased capacity to forecast disease outbreaks, and knowledge of how infectious diseases emerge and re-emerge.

Does disease shape species distributions and abundances?

Disease is increasingly recognized as a serious threat to wildlife species, "especially as human travel increases the chance that we could accidentally introduce pathogens [disease-causing microbes] to new parts of the planet," says Frick.

Measuring how infectious diseases may change fundamental ecological patterns is essential for determining effects of these diseases on wildlife species.

"Our study offers the first evidence that disease can change macroecological patterns across continents," says Frick. Macroecology is the study of broad-scale patterns of species distributions and abundance.

Bat losses have widespread effects

Many bats are insect predators. As such, researchers report, they provide valuable "ecosystem services" for humans. Increases in insects like gypsy moths and cutworms--favorite bat meals--have economic consequences.

Cutworms, for example, are destructive garden pests that cause fatal damage to vegetables, fruits and flowers. Until bats swoop to the rescue.

Nonetheless, says Frick, when it comes to important wildlife species, bats are often overlooked.

It's late March and winter hibernacula are opening, their bats beginning to emerge. Without bats, scientists say, the landscape of spring would be a far more insect-ridden, crop-damaged place.

-- Cheryl Dybas, NSF

FRUIT SMELLING BATS

FROM:  NATIONAL SCIENCE FOUNDATION 
By dark of night, how do bats smell their way to fruit?
Scientists find distinctive patterns of olfactory receptors in fruit-eating bats
March 3, 2014

How do we smell? The answer lies in the 1,000 or so genes that encode what's known as olfactory receptors inside our noses.

This gene superfamily constitutes 3 to 6 percent of a mammal's genes.

But scientists don't completely understand what odors bind to which receptors, and how this complex process translates into interpreting a particular smell.

In fact, little is known about how olfactory receptors function in mammals, or how this large gene family has evolved in response to different evolutionary challenges.

Specialized gene pattern in fruit-eating bats

Now scientists have identified a distinctive olfactory receptor gene pattern in fruit-eating bats, as well as the particular olfactory receptor gene families important to their fruit diets.

The findings offer new insights that link olfactory receptors with the odors they bind.

The research highlights the importance, the biologists say, of exploring diversity in nature to understand genome functions and evolutionary history in mammals.

Evolutionary biologists Liliana Davalos of Stony Brook University, Emma Teeling of University College Dublin and colleagues report their results in a paper published in this month's' issue of the journal Molecular Biology and Evolution.

"This study provides new insights into the mechanisms that have allowed bats to diversify their diets so extensively," says Simon Malcomber, a program director in the National Science Foundation's Division of Environmental Biology, which funded the research.

This research was also supported by the Science Foundation Ireland and the Irish Research Council.

"We knew that animals that live in various ecological environments--whales, bats, cows--have evolved different suites of olfactory receptors," says Davalos. "That suggests that the ability to smell different odors is important for survival."

Since these lifestyles evolved so long ago, she says, it's difficult to tell what forces have shaped the repertoire of olfactory receptors.

Bats hold key to evolution of smell receptors

Has the evolution of other sensory systems, changes in diet, or the random accumulation of changes through time driven the evolution of olfaction in mammals?

"Bats offer a prime opportunity to answer this question," says Davalos.

"They've evolved new sensory systems such as echolocation, and various bat species eat very different foods, including insects, nectar, fruit, frogs, lizards and even blood."

Two large groups of bats branched out since diverging about 64 million years ago. These groups separately evolved specialized echolocation and a diet based on fruit.

The patterns have arisen twice, once among New World leaf-nosed bats that feed primarily on figs and another among Old World fruit bats. The bats feed on variety of fruits, including figs, guavas, bananas, mangoes and other tropical fruits.

Could their evolutionary patterns help explain their olfactory receptors?

Finding fruit by dark of night

After sequencing thousands of olfactory receptors from dozens of bat species and analyzing an evolutionary tree including all the species, the researchers found distinctive patterns of olfactory receptors among bats that specialize in eating fruit.

Although the olfactory receptors are similar, the distinctive repertoires have arisen in different ways in New World and Old World bats.

That suggests, Davalos says, that independent mechanisms have shaped this part of the bat genome in response to the challenge of finding fruit by dark of night.