U.S. DEFENSE SECRETARY PANETTA IS STAYING FOR NOW

Defense Secretary Leon E. Panetta places a wreath at the National Memorial Cemetery of the Pacific in Honolulu, Nov. 11, 2012. Panetta stopped in Hawaii as he began a six-day trip to Australia and Asia. DOD photo by Erin A. Kirk-Cuomo

FROM: U.S. DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE

Panetta Says He Will Stay in Washington to Meet Challenges
By Cheryl Pellerin
American Forces Press Service
ABOARD A MILITARY AIRCRAFT, Nov. 12, 2012 - Amid speculation that he will excuse himself from President Barack Obama's second-term national security team, Defense Secretary Leon E. Panetta said today his immediate goal is to finish the job he began in 2010.

"It's no secret that at some point I'd like to get back to California," Panetta told reporters traveling with him on his fourth official trip to the Asia-Pacific region. "It's my home." The secretary and he and his wife, Sylvia, founded the Panetta Institute for Public Policy there in 1997.

But in Washington, Panetta said, he is grappling with defense issues that range from looming spending cuts and budget issues to long-term planning in Afghanistan, "and the president and I are working very closely to make sure that we meet those defense challenges."

Right now, the secretary said, his most important focus is to meet his immediate responsibilities in the Defense Department.

In Afghanistan, coalition forces are gradually leaving the war zone in advance of the plan to withdraw foreign combat troops by the end of 2014.

There, Marine Corps Gen. John R. Allen, commander of the NATO-led International Security Assistance Force and of U.S. forces in Afghanistan, is developing options for the post-2014 U.S. presence in Afghanistan that the secretary said the White House and defense officials are now reviewing.

"My hope," Panetta said, "is that we will be able to complete this process within the next few weeks. I'm confident that we're going to be able to get to the right number for the post-2014 presence."

The secretary said Allen presented several options based on missions in Afghanistan that include counterterrorism, training and assisting the Afghan army and the ability to provide enabling capability.

"All of those are being carefully reviewed ... [to] determine the best course in order to have an effective enduring presence in the post-2014 period" in Afghanistan, Panetta added.

A harder job for the defense secretary will be to try to influence the outcome of the intractable problem of sequestration, a mechanism in the 2011 Budget Control Act that would trigger another $500 billion across-the-board defense spending cuts over the next decade, in addition to $487 billion in cuts already programmed, unless Congress identifies equivalent savings by January. Sequestration would require leaders to make very hard choices to ensure the department maintains technological superiority, maintains faith with its workforce and achieves the necessary cuts, the secretary said.

Since President Barack Obama's Nov. 6 re-election, Panetta said, some members of Congress have been speaking hopefully about finding a compromise on the issue.

"I really do think that, coming out of the election, this is a real opportunity for both Republicans and Democrats to address the fundamental challenge that faces this country with regards to our deficit," Panetta said.

From his own experience in dealing with budget deficits, the secretary said the only fair and effective way to reach an agreement on the bottom line is to consider all key areas of the federal budget.

"The fact is that we have addressed the discretionary area, taking almost $1 trillion out of discretionary areas, including almost half a trillion dollars from defense alone," Panetta said. "I think the responsibility now for both Republicans and Democrats has to be to look at ... what savings could be achieved on entitlements and what additional revenues need to be on the table as well."

The Defense Department already has made a significant contribution to deficit reduction, the secretary said, adding that the department has taken $487 billion over 10 years out of the defense budget "in a responsible way that's tied to a defense strategy that will take us into 2020 and beyond."

Before Congress looks for any more money from the Defense Department, Panetta added, "I want to see some progress with regards to both entitlements and revenues."

If Congress decides to delay the decision -- what Panetta calls "kicking the can down the road" -- he said the unsolved issue will represent a cloud over the Defense Department that is an unwelcome source of uncertainty.

Even when such issues are resolved, a reporter asked, does Panetta intend to stay on as defense secretary for four more years?

"Who the hell knows?" the secretary responded. "My experience in Washington is you'd better do this day to day."

THE DEAUVILLE PARTNERSHIP WITH ARAB COUNTRIES IN TRANSITION MEETING IN LONDON

The Houses of Parliament building in Westminster, London, with its famous Clock Tower. The nickname Big Ben is today frequently applied to the tower, the clock, and the bell, but originally it applied solely to the largest bell inside the tower. The clock holds the distinction of being the world's largest four-faced chiming clock.

　
FROM: U.S. DEPARTMENT OF STATE

The Deauville Partnership with Arab Countries in Transition Meeting on Policies for Small and Medium-Sized Enterprises in London, United Kingdom

Media Note
Office of the Spokesperson
Washington, DC
November 8, 2012
On November 1, the Deauville Partnership with Arab Countries in Transition, under the U.S. G8 Presidency, met in London at the European Bank for Reconstruction and Development to discuss the development and promotion of small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) in the transition countries of Egypt, Morocco, Tunisia, Libya, and Jordan. For the first time, Yemen joined the discussion as a new country in transition within the Deauville Partnership.

The Deauville Partnership with Arab Countries in Transition, formed in the aftermath of the Arab Spring by the 2011 French G8 Presidency, includes G8 members, the European Union, the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development, multilateral development banks, and regional partners comprising the governments of Turkey, Saudi Arabia, Kuwait, Qatar, and the United Arab Emirates. The G8 at the 2012 Camp David Summit in May, and other partners at the United Nations General Assembly Deauville Partnership Foreign Ministerial in September, identified the development and growth of small and medium-sized enterprises as critical steps towards economic reform, employment stability, and prosperity in the Middle East-North Africa region.

In London, transition countries, in consultation with experts from the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) and the European Bank for Reconstruction and Development (EBRD), developed country-specific, near-term action plans to foster SME growth, improve job creation, and increase economic development.

Following the transition countries’ presentations of their action plans in London, partners will continue to collaborate, in particular with multilateral institutions, to provide functional expertise and technical assistance. Given challenges related to reform of the regulatory environment, market access, and access to finance, these institutions and G8 and regional partners will help structure arrangements that give current and prospective business owners a stable operating environment, useful advice, and support to start up, grow, and sustain their businesses.

Work at the Deauville Partnership meetings in London to support the development of SMEs will be further promoted at the Forum for the Future Ministerial to be held in Tunis December 12-13. The Forum will bring together the G8, regional governments, civil society, and the private sector to discuss specific ways to help improve the SME environment throughout the Middle East and North Africa region, drawing on the progress and commitments made in London.

SCIENCE AND THE QUEST FOR THE MILITARY SUPER ENGINE

Two international contractors inspect a sample of JP8 at the Truck Fill Stand near Camp Arifjan, Kuwait in 2010. Fuel trucks had been daily distributing millions of gallons of fuel to warfighters in the Central Command area of operations. (Photo by Army Sgt. David Reardon, 1st Sustainment Brigade Public Affairs)

FROM: U.S. DEFENSE DEPARTMENT
Written on November 7, 2012 at 7:33 am by jtozer
ARL Working Toward Super Engine Developemnt
Studies are underway at the U.S. Army Research Laboratory (ARL) to create a ‘super engine’ that could allow military ground vehicles, stationary power generators, and small unmanned air vehicles, for example, to operate with the same kind of fuel.

In the late 1980s, the Department of Defense (DoD) issued its "Single Fuel Forward" policy calling for use of the kerosene-based JP-8 fuel to reduce the significant logistic burden associated with managing and transporting multiple fuels on the battlefield.

But using a single fuel exposes a host of incompatibility issues, namely in lubrication, large variation in Cetane numbers which measure the time period between the start of fuel injection and the start of engine ignition or combustion, and the fact that none of the engines that use JP-8 are designed – including their fuel systems – and calibrated for JP-8, said Dr. Chol-Bum "Mike" Kweon, acting team lead of the Engines Team of ARL’s Vehicle Technology Directorate at Aberdeen Proving Ground (APG), Md.

He said this design gap is namely due to the fact that not enough information exists in industry and government on the specific combustion characteristics associated with JP-8′s use in intermittent combustion engines.

"Usually large companies are not willing to develop engines specific for JP-8 because it requires significant effort and funding while the market for the military is relatively small and unstable. Therefore, relatively small companies have been developing JP-8-fueled engines for Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAV), while diesel engines are used for ground vehicle engines. Small companies do not have the capability to perform basic fundamental research," Kweon explained

ARL research is bridging that knowledge gap, which could eventually lead to the creation of an engine that operates optimally with JP-8.

"Fuel spray liquid penetration, quenching, vaporization, and mixing characteristics must be precisely understood to properly design combustion chambers and fuel injection systems because a fundamental understanding of fuel spray and combustion is essential in optimizing combustion processes of JP-8-fueled engines to improve fuel efficiency, engine performance and reliability," Kweon said.

ARL’s Combustion Research Laboratory is a state-of-the-art, high-temperature and high-pressure combustion chamber that opened this summer for fuel spray and combustion research, critical areas of interest Defense-wide to facilitate the basic research and development work necessary for the successful development of JP-8-fueled combustion systems.

ARL is currently collaborating with Army Materiel Systems Analysis Activity to assess a fuel injector that is used in a Caterpillar C7 engine, used in Strykers. Results will define how fuel properties affect the performance of the fuel injection systems that are currently used in ground vehicle engines.

Unique laboratory, unmatched in industry
ARL’s vehicle technology research dates back to the early 1980s in gas turbine engines, but when this research area relocated to APG in 2011 from NASA Glenn in Cleveland, Ohio, due to Base Realignment and Closure Activity, ARL broadened its vehicle technology focus to include internal combustion engines. This laboratory is accomplished with the ARL infrastructure fund that was awarded at the end of 2010.

The only combustion lab space of its kind in DoD, the Combustion Research Laboratory will also be used to facilitate the development of heavy fuel injection systems that will ultimately lead to the development of high-efficient UAV engines.

"Currently, there is no ‘robust’ heavy fuel injection system for UAV engines," said Kweon, who received Master of Science and doctorate degrees from the University of Wisconsin-Madison (UW-Madison), which has a big engine research program in its Engine Research Center. He conducted research on diesel engines, various fuels (diesel, alternative diesel fuels, diesel fuels mixed with gasoline streams, alcohols, etc.), combustion, emissions, specification of diesel particulate matters, optical diagnostics, etc., as degree requirements.

ARL’s combustion laboratory contains a high-temperature – up to 1,000 Kelvin (K) – and high-pressure – up to 150 bar -combustion chamber that can simulate real engine operating conditions except for fluid motion. This type of combustion chamber allows the investigation and study of uninterrupted spray and combustion processes.

"Currently, this is the only laboratory within DoD that has this capability," Kweon emphasized.

General Motors, in Warren, Mich., has the first generation of this chamber that has a 100 bar at 1,000 K – and Caterpillar, in Peoria, Ill., has its second generation, which offers 150 bar at 1,000 K.

ARL has a third generation chamber.

The ARL facility also has air and onsite nitrogen supply systems in which we can control oxygen concentration from 0 (almost pure nitrogen) to 21% (pure air) in the gas mixing system. Through the high-pressure compressor, air, nitrogen, or a mixture of air and nitrogen can be supplied to the combustion chamber at pressures over 300 bar(g) to study spray only, spray and combustion, or to simulate exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) that is common in current engines.

"However, we use only 150 bar(g) in the combustion chamber because this represents most of turbocharged internal combustion engine operating conditions. Sandia National Laboratories, NM and Michigan Technological University have a different type of combustion chamber (i.e., constant volume chamber) that has similar capabilities to the one at ARL in terms of temperature and pressure".

"The main difference is that the one at ARL is a flow-through type combustion chamber that controls chamber pressure, temperature, and flowrate (very slow compared to fuel injection velocity) at set points in the test section, while the constant volume chamber has varying chamber temperature and pressure as it uses premixed combustion gases. And the injection frequency is much higher for a flow-through chamber than the constant volume chamber. Therefore, we can perform multiple injections per cycle and perform testing much faster in the flow-through chamber than in the constant volume chamber," said Kweon, who was formerly employed at General Motors R&D in Warren, Mich., and at GM Powertrain in Pontiac, Mich., where he conducted research in cylinder pressure-based control.

For that research, Kweon and several former colleagues developed more than 21 intellectual properties. Currently, he has 30 intellectual properties that include 19 patents, seven patent applications, three patents pending, and one tool method invention.

The new laboratory will also be used to assess the performance of heavy fuel injection systems for various fuels such as JP-8, diesel, bio, and synthetic fuels; investigate the impact of various fuel properties on spray and combustion processes, ultimately on engine performance and efficiency; assess the impact of the aging of fuel injection systems on the engine performance and fuel efficiency, especially for ground vehicle engines and assess JP-8 surrogate fuels that are being formulated under the various DoD programs.

"This laboratory has a unique capability to assess the various JP-8 surrogate fuels and to compare the results with the combustion mechanisms developed by various universities and government laboratories," said Kweon.

"This will help the scientists and researchers to develop a universal JP-8 combustion mechanism. This laboratory will be used to generate spray and combustion database that will be needed for the development and validation of computation fluid dynamics (CFD) models for engine spray and combustion processes to support the development of advanced concepts and practical designs. These CFD models will be used to optimize internal combustion engines for both UAS and ground vehicles in terms of injector parameters and combustion chamber designs. These research efforts will enable UAS engines to efficiently run on heavy fuels such as JP-8."

"The combustion research laboratory was commissioned this year and is up and running. I am confident that this laboratory will be a critical asset to the Army and DoD to support the development and/or advancement of various ground and UAV engines," Kweon said.

21ST CENTURY MILITARY COURIERS

Air Force Staff Sgt. Kelly Adler, right, goes over customer service training with Navy Petty Officer 2nd Class Evan Seller at the Defense Courier Station at Royal Air Force Station Mildenhall, Great Britain, Feb. 14, 2012. Adler is one of six airmen and Seller one of four sailors assigned to the station, one of 18 operated around the world by U.S. Transportation Command's Defense Courier Division. U.S. Air Force photo by Senior Airman Jerilyn Quintanilla

FROM: U.S. DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE

Couriers Ensure Prompt, Secure Delivery of Classified Materials
By Donna Miles
American Forces Press Service

SCOTT AIR FORCE BASE, Ill., Nov. 7, 2012 - A vintage 12-inch action figure now found only on the Internet depicts the stereotypical defense courier, complete with a black brief case, handcuffs, cell phone and secret papers.

Air Force Col. Darryl Stankevitz, chief of U.S. Transportation Command's Defense Courier Division, quickly dispels the "G.I. Joe Defense Courier" image as he kicks off orientation classes here for service members selected to join the elite corps of defense couriers.

"I tell them, 'You all thought that when you were coming out here that you would get your own briefcase and set of handcuffs,'" he said. "Well that's not it. That's not how we really operate."

With a heritage dating back to the Military Postal Express Service that moved highly classified and sensitive mail abroad during World War I, the Defense Courier Division remains true to its original mission.

"We move anything that is highly sensitive or classified that our government needs us to move," Stankevitz said. "It can be anything from an envelope all the way up to large crypto[logical] equipment that's thousands of pounds."

One might think the development of the Secret Internet Protocol Router Network, better known as SIPRNet, would make most personal deliveries a thing of the past.

Not so, Stankevitz said. That's because the vast quantity of highly classified messages, documents and images the Defense Department relies on to conduct its day-to-day business would consume so much computer bandwidth that it would overwhelm the classified network, he said.

"There is still a lot of material that must be physically hand-delivered -- partly to ensure that the SIPRNet can keep going," Stankevitz explained. "Given how much has to be transmitted, real-time, for different operations and events going on, sometimes there's more that needs to be moved than you can physically do, electronically.

"And it is actually quicker for us, at times, to move some of that physically with our couriers, because of the volume of what we are carrying," he added.

In addition, many of the courier deliveries involve equipment used to run the Defense Department's secure networks and cryptologic operations, he said.

"These are items that have to be kept secure while in transit," Stankevitz said. "It's not something that you can put in the mail or hand off to [a commercial parcel service] because there could be a risk of tampering in transit. That's why we need to send a courier."

The 235 soldiers, sailors and airmen who make up the Defense Courier Division are assigned to 18 stations around the world that maintain 24/7 operations and several other substations. Collectively, according to John McAllister, deputy director, they move about 1.5 million pounds of material annually -- made up of about 80,000 pieces ranging from envelopes, referred to as "flats," to giant crates transported using the division's own vans, trucks and tractor trailers.

Although the "James Bond" mystique may be misleading, the couriers operate according to a strict Transcom instruction designed to protect the classified material they handle, store and transport. Working in two-person teams, they are required to maintain constant physical or visual contact with their shipments. The couriers can't be out of each other's sight for more than 15 minutes. And contrary to popular assumption, they carry weapons only when traveling through a combat zone.

Couriers typically fly on military, contract or commercial aircraft. But increasingly, especially for deliveries within the continental United States and Europe, they drive the shipments themselves using the courier division's own fleet of vans, trucks and tractor trailers, Stankevitz said.

"Even though you may think traveling by air would be faster, sometimes you have to rely on the availability of aircraft and their timing," he noted. "So sometimes it is actually quicker and more convenient for us to use one of our vehicles and drive it on the road."

McAllister said he spends much of his time planning out missions in the courier division's operations center. "What are we carrying? How big is it and where does it need to go?" he said. "Those are really the only questions we need to know. We don't need to know what's in the package."

In fact, couriers never know what they are carrying. "What we do know is that it is all highly sensitive material," Stankevitz said. "It's some of the most-sensitive material that our nation has."

Just as computers have changed the nature of many courier shipments, they have helped make the process faster and more efficient. Introducing technology similar to that used by commercial shipping companies, courier division planners now consolidate shipments whenever possible so they can dispatch a single courier team to make deliveries to a single destination.

"Ten years ago, every station was independent," McAllister said. "But over the years, there has been greater and greater visibility through a centralized command center. We set up a network and started to merge requirements."

Planners now collaborate with the State Department's Diplomatic Courier Service, particularly when servicing countries where the U.S. military has no status of forces agreement, McAllister said.

"It all comes down to, what needs to move and who is in the best position to move it, through the interagency," he added. "So we do a lot of cooperation through the interagency to make the most-efficient move possible."

These and other efficiencies have made a big impact in the courier division's bottom line, Stankevitz said, eliminating duplication and reducing costs. Adopting a new air transportation system saved the division $1 million a year, he noted, while having couriers hitch rides on other Transcom air missions eliminated the need for a $4.3 million air carrier and air taxi service contract.

"We've become much more efficient in the way we do business," Stankevitz said. "Our operating cost, which directly ties to what we charge our customers, has dropped about 40 to 45 percent, because of actions we took."

As he's witnessed evolution within the Defense Courier Division, Air Force Master Sgt. Delano Lucas still calls it the best job a service member could ever have.

Like all couriers, he came to the field from another military specialty, in his case, he said, attracted by the "chance to do something different." He added what's kept him in the career field has been the opportunity to broaden his military portfolio while working in a joint command.

"When you are progressing through the grades, your potential is based on not only what you have done, but your potential to lead effectively in the next grade," he said. "And what better way of actually displaying that talent and character trait than by going and executing in something that is outside your normal [career field]?"

Air Force Chief Master Sgt. Kevin Moon said he "jumped at the chance" to join the courier division 14 years ago and has never looked back. He currently serves as chief of the Baltimore Station at Fort Meade, Md., the largest of 18 worldwide, where he oversees 35 fellow couriers.

"It's much better than I could have expected or hoped for," he said.

McAllister summed up much of the allure. "Traveling the world delivering top-secret material. It is not a bad way to tell your cousins what you do," he said.

Another big motivator, Lucas said, has been the opportunity to operate almost autonomously with a level of responsibility rarely afforded a mid-level or senior noncommissioned officer.

"[Couriers] are not only seeing a lot of things and doing something different, but they have an incredible amount of responsibility -- just those two people carrying some of the most-sensitive material that our nation has," he said.

Stankevitz agreed, adding, "Being entrusted with that is a huge responsibility."

It's a responsibility he expects to continue long into the future.

"Changing requirements may change how we operate and where we operate out of, but we will still continue to operate," Stankevitz said. "Overall, we are still going to see a demand for our business for the foreseeable future."

ANNIVERSARY OF THE SIGABA CIPHER MACHINE

Photo:  SIGABA Cipher Device.  Credit:  Wikimedia

FROM: U.S. DEPARTMENT OF DEFESNE

Cryptologists Reunite at NSA's 60th Anniversary
By Amaani Lyle
American Forces Press Service
 FORT MEADE, Md., Nov. 8, 2012 - Many intelligence analysts and historians contend the SIGABA cipher device is one of the most important encryption systems the U.S. military has ever known.

Yesterday, it was also a time machine.

The unusual contraption first brought two young cryptologists together during World War II, and nearly 60 years later it has reunited them, sparking memories of their critical work.

The National Security Agency's National Cryptologic Museum in Fort Meade, Md., recognized Helen Nibouar and Marion Johnson during a ribbon cutting ceremony unveiling a new exhibit entitled, "60 Years of Cryptologic Excellence."

"We not only break codes, but we make codes ... and we stand on the shoulders of giants," NSA Deputy Director Chris Inglis said of Nibouar and Johnson. "When we celebrate Marion and Helen's return to the scene of their early work, we're actually celebrating a long legacy of the history of the National Security Agency."

As the United States stepped up its search to fill non-combat positions in support of World War II, Nibouar and Johnson initially interviewed for typist-clerk positions. On the day of her interview in the Signal Corps building, Nibouar, while at a water fountain, met a woman who encouraged her to give cryptology a try.

She did, but confessed to having no prior familiarity with the field. Johnson said she took a similar path to cryptology, although she was more outspoken during her interview.

"The [hiring officials] asked me if I liked to do crossword puzzles and I said, 'No, I hate them!'" Johnson said. "But they hired me anyway."

Nibouar trained at Morrison Field in West Palm Beach, Fla., where she met Johnson, and the two became fast friends, with no idea they were forging their place in history by obscuring troop movements and other classified material.

"What was really, really difficult was all the messages came in five random letter groups separated by spaces," Nibouar said. And though she typed about 100 words per minute, putting code to tape was considerably more painstaking.

"You couldn't type very fast because you couldn't make a mistake or it would mess up the message," Nibouar said.

After Florida, Nibouar's cryptology journey took her to California, Hawaii and even Japan. And though Johnson worked in different locations, the women wrote letters to keep in touch.

All the while, a shrouded, arduous work life and extended time apart from family became the norm for the two women. A single message could take hours to process. They often received messages so secret that even they were excluded from seeing them.

"The first thing the message would say is 'eyes only,' and we had to stop, not hit another key, get up and go somewhere," Nibouar said. "And an officer in charge came and decoded the message, taking it by hand straight to Gen. [Douglas] MacArthur."

When asked what she thought the messages might have said, Nibouar quipped, "It might have been to have a party."

Transition back into normal life couldn't come too soon for the women, they said.

"I just wanted to go home and get married," Johnson said.

Nibouar also wed, had three children, became a teacher and spent a great deal of time volunteering -- which, at age 91, she continues to this day.

She marvels at modern intelligence technology, but describes SIGABA developer Frank Rowlett as a genius for the machine's simple design and complex capabilities.

National Cryptologic Museum Curator Patrick Weadon said the SIGABA derives from an earlier randomizing system, Enigma, developed by the U.S. Army's Signals Intelligence Service Director William Friedman.

During World War II, people frequently used electro-mechanical devices to communicate securely, Weadon said.

"Enigma was thought to be utterly secure by the Germans because it produced permutations and possibilities of 3x10114 which made it theoretically impossible to crack," he said.

But the Allies did crack Enigma -- as early as 1940 -- prompting the Signals Intelligence Service to develop SIGABA, Weadon said.

SIGABA designers looked at the shortcomings and the frailties of Enigma and designed a machine that had the power of Enigma without its shortcomings, Weadon said.

SIGABA's distinctive ability to advance rotors with another set of rotors made it impenetrable, Weadon explained.

"It was never cracked, it was a perfect machine from the moment it was put on line and it was perfect the day that they took it off," he said. "You're talking about a perfect encryption machine, which many people even today believe is practically impossible [to crack]," he added.

Weadon said he's sure the courage and bravery of U.S. and Allied troops won the war, but the ability to communicate securely on a more consistent basis than the Axis powers ultimately cinched victory.

"When you're reading the other guys traffic and they can't read yours -- you got 'em," he said

U.S. GENERAL DEMPSEY SAYS U.S. WILL HAVE 'MEASURED RESPONSE' TO IRAN

FROM:  U.S. DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE

Dempsey: U.S. Will Make 'Measured Response' to Iranian Threats

By Jim Garamone
American Forces Press Service
ABOARD A MILITARY AIRCRAFT, Nov. 12, 2012 - The attempted shootdown of an unmanned U.S. Predator aircraft is the latest example of a pattern of disturbing behavior by Iran, and the United States will take "a measured response," the chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff said today.
In an interview during a travel leg of an overseas trip, Army Gen. Martin E. Dempsey said the Nov. 1 attack on the unarmed Predator intelligence, surveillance and reconnaissance aircraft over the Arabian Gulf was "clearly a hostile act."

An Iranian Frogfoot aircraft fired on the Predator at least twice, but the American craft escaped unharmed and returned to its base.

Iranian officials charge that the Predator was in Iranian airspace. "We're absolutely certain that we were within international airspace, so their attack on the unmanned Predator – despite their assertions otherwise – was clearly a hostile act against our assets," Dempsey said.

The U.S. government has informed the Iranian government that this behavior is unacceptable. The U.S. military will continue to fly these missions and will protect the aircraft, Dempsey said.
Iran is one of a few nations in the world that calculates its water boundaries using the "straight baseline assertion." Libya used this assertion in the mid-1980s to say it controlled the Gulf of Sidra in the Mediterranean Sea. The rest of the international community follows the 12-nautical-mile territorial water limit that follows the contours of the coastline.

"We've made it clear for decades, actually, that we don't accept Iran's straight baseline assertion," Dempsey said. "Were we to do so, it would make the space inside the Arabian Gulf so constricted that it would be unnavigable."

This latest incident in a long-line of disturbing activities by Iran is disturbing to U.S. officials, Dempsey said. Iran is a state sponsor of terrorism, he noted, supplying arms to Hezbollah. And Iranian officials "are sponsoring the Syrian regime, they traffic in arms and weapons, they are very active in cyber, and they are on a path – despite international pressure – to develop nuclear energy that could be weaponized," he said.

Iranian officials plotted to assassinate the Saudi Arabian ambassador on U.S. soil and have threatened to mine the Straits of Hormuz, a transit point for the world's oil.

The international community has imposed tough diplomatic and economic sanctions on Iran, and Dempsey said he believes the sanctions are working. He added that he does not know if the latest incident signifies a regime that is lashing out in frustration.

"It's very difficult to see inside a nation and see their intent," he said, "but there is clearly a pattern, and I think it's one we have to keep an eye on."

Media Availability with Secretary Panetta en route to Perth, Australia

Media Availability with Secretary Panetta en route to Perth, Australia

U.S. Department of Defense Armed with Science Update: Body Armor For Women

U.S. Department of Defense Armed with Science Update

U.S. ATTORNEY GENERAL HOLDER SPEAKS AT BALTIMORE UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF LAW

U.S. Attorney General Eric Holder

FROM: U.S. JUSTICE DEPARTMENTAttorney General Eric Holder Speaks at the Baltimore University School of Law
Baltimore ~ Thursday, November 8, 2012

Thank you, Ron. I appreciate those kind words, and I want to thank you and President Bogomolny – along with all of the faculty members, administrators, and students who are here with us today – for welcoming me to this vibrant campus, with your dramatic new Law School building under construction. It’s a pleasure to be here. And, especially during this historic week, it’s a privilege to be joined by so many current – and future – leaders of our nation’s legal community – men and women who will help to shape America’s course and to bring Americans together.

As members of this law school community, you are well – and uniquely – suited for such endeavors. History proves this. For more than eight decades, the University of Baltimore School of Law has served as an important meeting ground – where issues of consequence are discussed and addressed. It’s also become known as a training ground for distinguished attorneys, jurists, advocates, policymakers, and public servants. The track record you’ve built, and the reputation you’ve established, are impressive. And, with students like all of you – and educators like the outstanding professors who are with us today, including your new Dean – it’s easy to see why.

As you just heard, I had the pleasure of working closely with Ron during his tenure at the Justice Department, where he served as Assistant Attorney General for Legislative Affairs – a role widely considered to be one of the hardest jobs in all of government. That was especially true over the last three years. But our roots – and shared experiences – run even deeper. Ron and I are both native New Yorkers. We attended rival high schools – and both went to Columbia University as undergraduates.

To anyone who knows Ron, it’s clear that he is deeply grateful for the first-rate education that he received – from the second-best high school in New York, from Columbia, and from Yale Law School. And he recognizes that these learning opportunities paved the way for the remarkable career he has built – in private practice; on Capitol Hill, as chief counsel to the late Senator Ted Kennedy, and as principal legal advisor to the U.S. Senate Majority Leader; at our nation’s Justice Department; and, now, in academia. He also understands that with these extraordinary opportunities come important obligations – to help others recognize and realize their potential. This is why Ron is here. And this is what motivates his efforts to support the kind of inclusive academic environment – and foster the robust discussion and debate – for which this University has become known. Although we miss him in Washington, I can think of no one better to help train the next generation of lawyers, leaders, advocates, and public servants – whose service, and contributions, will help to keep the great American experiment in motion – and ensure that our nation can continue to carry out, and live up to, its founding ideals.

T he country we have inherited has been defined by the hard work and tremendous courage of those who, throughout our history, have chosen not just to devote themselves to studying the law, but also to advancing the cause of justice. These brave individuals – armed with the same training that you’re receiving – have served on the front lines of national efforts to abolish slavery and segregation, to guarantee decent wages for our workers, and to secure fundamental civil rights protections for all – regardless of race, religion, gender, economic means, social status, or sexual orientation. They’ve helped to draft – and safeguard – our founding documents; to shape – and improve – the greatest legal system in the world; and to maintain the strength and integrity of our most sacred institutions by securing, and expanding, the most basic right of American citizenship – the right to vote.

These are the issues that must continue to unite our profession – and our nation. Despite the divisions we may have felt in recent months, and the fierceness with which this year’s campaigns were contested, I am convinced that that the American people will come together, as they always have in times of difficulty, to advance the aspirations, and to honor the values, we share. Starting this week, we face a uniquely democratic moment of both healing and renewal – a time when all Americans, and especially our elected leaders, are called upon to join forces once again; to meet common challenges with shared resolve; and to carry forward the critical work that has always driven our pursuit of a more perfect Union.

As aspiring stewards of the law – and servants of those whom it protects and empowers –the students in this room have made an important commitment, and taken on very serious responsibilities. Already, you’re putting your legal training to work in assisting vulnerable tenants, disabled students, disadvantaged patients, and victims of crime – as well as nonprofits and neighborhood organizations. And you’re striving to realize the vision that has always shaped this University’s unique culture, and defined it as an institution founded on community involvement, dedicated to serving the public interest, and determined to foster increased diversity.

Along the way, you’re learning to build relationships with your peers and to engage in respectful debates with one another. You’re identifying the best ways to right wrongs, to address disparities, and to formulate solutions for problems that span across regions and even around the globe. And soon – whether you choose to build a career in private practice, join a corporation, teach, serve in government, or even run for public office – all of you will be called upon to fulfill the ideal that has always been at the center of your legal education and the heart of your chosen profession: not merely to serve clients or win cases, but to do justice.

I realize that’s an intimidating thought. But the fact that you’re here today proves that you’re not only up to the challenges that lie ahead – you welcome the chance to confront them. And that’s why I urge you to make a habit of public service; to seek to improve the lives of those around you; and to do everything in your power to help make your communities, and your country, stronger.

Despite the tremendous advances that have been made over the course of our nation’s history – and even within my lifetime – the reality is that significant obstacles, persistent disparities, and evolving threats remain before us. And you don’t have to look far to find them.

Today, in too many American neighborhoods, including many here in Baltimore, young people – especially young men of color – are more likely to be murdered than to die by any other cause. A majority of our children – 60 percent of them – have been exposed to violence at some point in their lives, either as victims or as witnesses. In total, more than 50 million Americans are eligible for federally-funded legal aid – but most cannot access it. Nearly 80 percent of civil legal needs go unmet. Countless lives and communities are devastated each year by fraud targeting homeowners, investors, and those who rely on essential federal health care programs. And systemic threats – from terrorism to climate change – continue to challenge our society, to endanger our people, and to spark conflict and division around the world.

These are just a few of the challenges that America’s current and future leaders will be called upon to address and overcome. There’s no question that they are daunting. And the stakes could hardly be higher. But you’ve been given a rare opportunity – the chance to make a profound difference. And, here at the University of Baltimore, you’re gaining the tools you’ll need to do just that.

Armed with the skills and knowledge that only a world-class legal education can confer –I’m certain that each of you soon will find that, just as surely as you’re coming of age in a moment of great consequence, you stand poised to lead our nation’s legal profession, and justice system, at a time of extraordinary promise.

In these efforts, I am proud to count each of you as partners. And, as our nation looks toward a new chapter in its history, you make me feel optimistic about the days ahead. I look forward to all that you must – and surely will – achieve together. And I want you to know that I am counting on you all – and that includes you, Dean Weich.

SECRETARY OF STATE CLINTON'S STATEMENT ON U.S. REELECTION TO THE UN HUMAN RIGHTS COUNCIL

FROM: U.S. STATE DEPARTMENT

United States Reelection to the Human Rights Council

Press Statement
Hillary Rodham Clinton
Secretary of State
Washington, DC
November 12, 2012
　

The United States is pleased to have been elected by the United Nations General Assembly to a second term on the Human Rights Council. We thank the countries that voted for us in what was a highly competitive race among several qualified Western candidates that are all strong champions of human rights. We pledge to continue to work closely with the international community to address urgent and serious human rights concerns worldwide and to strengthen the Council. While much hard work remains to be done, especially ending the Council’s disproportionate and biased focus on Israel, we look forward to cooperating with other Council members to continue to address human rights concerns and to ensure that the Council fully realizes its promise.

U.S. SECRETARY OF DEFENSE'S TRIP TO ASIA-PACIFIC

FROM: U.S. DEFENSE DEPARTMENT
Panetta's Asia-Pacific Trip Seeks to Broaden Rebalance
By Cheryl Pellerin
American Forces Press Service
HONOLULU, Nov. 12, 2012 - Defense Secretary Leon E. Panetta has begun a weeklong visit to three nations in the Asia-Pacific region, his fourth official trip to area that is the focus of a rebalance of time, attention and resources for the Defense Department.

The trip includes visits to Australia, Thailand and Cambodia, but for the secretary it began here yesterday on Veterans Day at the National Memorial Cemetery of the Pacific, also called the Punchbowl.

The cemetery rises above Honolulu on land that 75,000 years ago was a crater formed when hot lava gushed through cracks in ancient coral reefs.

Today it is the final resting place of soldiers, sailors, airmen and Marines from the Boxer Rebellion, the Korean War, World War II and Vietnam, as well as two astronauts and World War II correspondent Ernie Pyle, a Navy Reserve seaman third class killed by a Japanese sniper near Okinawa in 1945.

At the cemetery, veterans and their families formed a long line, waiting to shake hands and chat with the secretary of defense. Panetta laid a wreath at a monument, and then greeted the veterans and members of the color guard one by one and took a photograph with the crew of cemetery caretakers, all of them veterans.

When Panetta leaves Honolulu today, he will head to Perth, Australia, to attend the annual bilateral consultations between Australia and the United States.

There, he will join with Secretary of State Hillary Rodham Clinton, Army Gen. Martin E. Dempsey, chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff, and Navy Adm. Samuel J. Locklear III, commander of U.S. Pacific Command, in meetings with Prime Minister Julia Gillard and sessions of the conference.

Panetta also will meet with Defense Minister Stephen Smith and Western Australia Premier Colin Barnett.

During this first official trip to Australia, Panetta will express to the Australians his gratitude for their contribution to U.S. and coalition efforts in Afghanistan, officials said.

Earlier yesterday, aboard a military aircraft en route to Hawaii, a senior defense official told reporters traveling with the secretary that the United States "very much appreciates the Australians' commitment to Afghanistan, ... and we look forward to bringing that spirit of cooperation and interoperability to the Pacific as well in a greater capacity."

A key accomplishment this year for the U.S.-Australia partnership has been the start of Marine Corps and Air Force rotational deployments to northern Australia, the official said.

At the ministerial consultations, he said, "I think our primary objective is to make more progress on the Marine Corps and Air Force [deployments]."

Senior-level meetings will help to "move the ball forward and deepen the implementation," he added, "so we're going to try to keep this on track, as well as broaden our cooperation with the Australians."

Later this week in Bangkok, Panetta will meet with his Thai counterpart, Defense Minister Sukampol Suwannathat, and Prime Minister Yingluck Shinawatra.

This is the first visit of a secretary of defense to Thailand since 2008, the senior defense official said. "We enjoy great operational cooperation and access with the Thais, [and] we're trying to do is bring back this important strategic piece of the defense relationship," the official added. "That's our primary objective in Thailand."

After his meetings in Thailand, the secretary will travel to Siem Reap, Cambodia, where he will meet with Cambodian Defense Minister Gen. Tea Banh and with defense ministers from member countries of ASEAN, the Association for Southeast Asian Defense.

"It's a change to talk about how we would like to work with these countries on key nontraditional security threats, such as humanitarian assistance, disaster response, nonproliferation, counterpiracy and others, ... and how we can cooperatively tackle some of these transnational threats," the defense official said.

Panetta also could discuss regional cooperation, ASEAN unity, his recent trips to China and India, and U.S. fiscal pressures on the Defense Department, the official added.

The U.S. rebalance toward the Asia-Pacific region is building on relationships that have been going on for decades, the official said. "We've been in the Asia-Pacific for 60 or 70 years, and we have worked with friends, partners and allies to promote and maintain a system that has brought economic prosperity, security and in parts democracy to this region," he added.

The United States is inextricably tied to the region, he said, "and the whole point of the rebalance is to keep doing what we have been doing."

The rebalance is part of a process, the official noted. "We are playing the long game here," he said. "This is something that's going to take years to do, but it doesn't take away from the fact that ... we're off to a fast start.

"The resources are moving," he added, "the engagement of senior-level officials is there, and the bureaucratic weight and the time, attention and resources of the United States government are moving toward the Pacific theater."

RECENT U.S. NAVY PHOTOS

FROM: U.S NAVY
121108-N-BT887-022 PACIFIC OCEAN (Nov. 8, 2012) Sailors stand by as fuel lines are connected during a replenishment-at-sea aboard the aircraft carrier USS Nimitz (CVN 68). Nimitz is currently underway participating in the ship's joint task force exercise (JTFEX). (U.S. Navy photo by Mass Communication Specialist 2nd Class Benjamin Crossley-Released)

121107-N-LP801-044 PACIFIC OCEAN (Nov. 7, 2012) Aviation Boatswain's Mate (Handling) Airman Jordon Howard maneuvers a fixed-wing aircraft in the hanger bay of the aircraft carrier USS Nimitz (CVN 68). Nimitz is currently underway participating in the ship's joint task force exercise (JTFEX). (U.S. Navy photo by Mass Communication Specialist 3rd Class Raul Moreno Jr./Released)
 

Video Remarks on Refugees International

Video Remarks on Refugees International

RECENT FEMA PHOTOS

FROM: FEMA: HURRICANE SANDY
Leanardo, N.J., Nov. 8, 2012 -- Utility crews are working to restore power to communities in New Jersey that were devastated after Hurricane Sandy swept through the area. FEMA is working with state and local officials to assist residents who were affected by Hurricane Sandy. Photo by Patsy Lynch-FEMA

Long Beach, N.Y., Nov. 10, 2012 -- Representatives the FEMA led Federal Surge Crisis Response team inform Hurricane Sandy survivors, Long Beach, N.Y. residents of how to take advantage of FEMA's services. FEMA, Border Patrol, TSA and ICE visited homes to inform residents of FEMA services as part of the Federal Surge Crisis Response. (Photo by Mass Communication Specialist 3rd Class Patrick Ratcliff/Released)
 

ESA Portal - Italy - L'estate è arrivata nella base italo-francese in Antartide

ESA Portal - Italy - L'estate è arrivata nella base italo-francese in Antartide

U.S. PRESIDENT BARACK OBAMA LAYS WREATH AT "TOMB OF THE UNKNOWN"

President Barack Obama and Army Sgt. 1st Class Chad Stackpole lay a wreath to mark Veterans Day at the Tomb of the Unknowns in Arlington National Cemetery, Va., Nov. 11, 2012. Stackpole, sergeant of the guard for the tomb, is assigned to the 3rd U.S. Infantry Regiment, known as "The Old Guard." U.S. Army photo by Staff Sgt. Megan Garcia

FROM: U.S. DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE
Obama Recognizes Veterans' Service, Sacrifice
By Amaani Lyle
American Forces Press Service

WASHINGTON, Nov. 11, 2012 - President Barack Obama laid a flowered wreath at the Tomb of the Unknowns today in a traditional display of remembrance and gratitude for every service member who has worn the nation's uniform.

Also attending the ceremony at Arlington National Cemetery were First Lady Michelle Obama, Vice President Joe Biden and his wife, Dr. Jill Biden, and Veterans Affairs Secretary Eric K. Shinseki.

"Each year, on the 11th day of the 11th month, we pause as a nation and as a people to pay tribute to you, to thank you, to honor you, the heroes over the generations who have served this country of ours with distinction," Obama said. He also acknowledged the toll taken on veterans' loved ones, who he said continue to "walk these quiet hills and kneel before a final resting place of those they cherish the most."

The president assured that the sacrifices of living and fallen veterans and their families and friends would never be forgotten.

"It is in that sacrifice that we see the enduring spirit of America. ... Since even before our founding, we have been blessed with an unbroken chain of patriots who have always come forward to serve," Obama said. "Time and again, at home and abroad, you and your families have sacrificed to protect that powerful promise that all of us hold so dear: life, liberty and the pursuit of happiness."

Though he acknowledged the gratitude of the nation, the president also noted that no ceremony, parade, hug or handshake is enough to truly honor veterans' service.

"We must commit this day and every day to serving you as well as you've served us," the president said.

Obama related the significance of today's service members, the 9/11 generation that "stepped forward after the towers fell and in the years since have stepped into history."

"You toppled a dictator and battled insurgency in Iraq," he said. "You pushed back the Taliban and decimated al-Qaida in Afghanistan. You delivered justice to Osama bin Laden."

These deeds drive the commitment to care for veterans, as more than a million warriors will transition back into civilian life over the next few years, the president said.

"This is the first Veterans Day in a decade in which there are no American troops fighting and dying in Iraq," the president said over applause, adding that 33,000 troops also have returned from Afghanistan.

"Our heroes are coming home. ... They'll take off their uniforms and take on a new and lasting role: they will be veterans," he said.

As veterans return, the president explained, it falls to Americans as fellow citizens to be there for them and their families as those who once wore the uniform now find new ways to serve.

"Some of our most patriotic businesses have hired and trained 125,000 veterans and military spouses," the president said.

He also pledged to maintain the 9/11 GI Bill, which has helped thousands of veterans pursue their education, including certifications, undergraduate, graduate and post-graduate degrees.

Obama also pledged to champion the cause of those who suffer invisible wounds of war, such as post-traumatic stress disorder. "No veteran should have to wait months or years for the benefits that you've earned, so we will continue to attack the claims backlog," Obama said.

And as the United States marks the 50th anniversary of the Vietnam War, the president said, the government has secured new disability benefits for veterans who fought there and were exposed to Agent Orange.

"We carry on knowing that our best days always lie ahead," Obama said. "You needed it, you fought for it, and we got it done."

U.S. ASSISTANT ATTORNEY GENERAL ANNOUNCES CHARGES AGAINST ARYAN BROTHERHOOD OF TEXAS LEADERSHIP

FROM: U.S. DEPARTMENT OF JUSTICE

Assistant Attorney General Lanny A. Breuer Speaks at Press Conference to Announce Charges Against Alleged Aryan Brotherhood of Texas Leaders

Houston ~ Friday, November 9, 2012
Good afternoon. Today, I am pleased to join U.S. Attorney Kenneth Magidson, Special Agent in Charge Melvin King, Special Agent in Charge Stephen Morris and numerous other federal, state and local law enforcement partners to announce a landmark indictment against the top leadership of the Aryan Brotherhood of Texas, or ABT – a violent and highly structured criminal enterprise operating throughout the state.

Earlier today, over 170 law enforcement agents swept across Texas and North Carolina, and arrested 14 of the 34 ABT members and associates named in the indictment. Fifteen defendants are already in custody, and five defendants remain at large. Today’s operations represent years of work by Justice Department prosecutors and agents in Washington, D.C., Texas and Oklahoma, and by our partners in state and local law enforcement. With this indictment, we have charged or convicted 72 ABT members and associates in federal court.

Today’s indictment represents a devastating blow to the leadership of ABT. As charged, ABT was founded in the 1980s as a "whites only," prison-based gang and is governed by a "constitution" that establishes a military-style organizational structure and a rigid code of conduct for gang members. At the top are five "generals," each of whom is responsible for a different region in Texas. Together, these "generals" comprise a steering committee known as the "wheel."

Four ABT generals are named in today’s indictment. Thirteen other alleged ABT leaders – with the rank of "major," "captain" or "lieutenant" – are also being charged today, along with numerous other gang members and associates.

Brutal beatings, fire bombings, drug trafficking and murder, are all part of ABT’s alleged standard operating procedure. As charged, ABT uses violence and threats of violence to maintain internal discipline, and to retaliate against those believed to be cooperating with law enforcement.

As an example, according to the indictment, alleged ABT leader Kelly Ray Elley and others ordered subordinates to kill a prospective ABT member, and to make the killing "as messy as possible," in order to send a message to gang members not to cooperate with law enforcement. Mr. Elley also allegedly ordered gang members to return the prospect’s severed finger as a trophy.

As another example, three named defendants allegedly burned an ABT tattoo off the arm of a fellow gang member because he failed to carry out a direct order.

The indictment further alleges three specific murders – one in 2001, one in 2002 and one in 2008 – along with kidnappings, cocaine and methamphetamine trafficking, and other crimes.

ABT, like other violent gangs, wreaks havoc – throughout the communities it terrorizes and in the lives of its members. Through violence and intimidation, ABT exerts control over prison populations and neighborhoods, and instills fear in those who come in contact with its members. The Criminal Division is determined, with its federal, state and local law enforcement partners, to continue disrupting and dismantling ABT and other violent criminal enterprises.

I am exceptionally proud of the prosecutors and agents who carried out today’s law enforcement operations and am privileged now to turn things over to my friend and colleague U.S. Attorney Magidson. Thank you

DEFENSE SECRETARY PANETTA'S MESSAGE FOR VETERANS DAY

FROM: U.S. DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE
Panetta Salutes Veterans' Selflessness, Sacrifice
American Forces Press Service


WASHINGTON, Nov. 11, 2012 - As the nation observes the Veterans Day holiday, Defense Secretary Leon E. Panetta has issued a message paying tribute to the men and women who have served the United States in uniform.

Here is the secretary's message:

Since our nation's founding, brave young Americans from every generation have answered the call to serve in uniform and put their lives on the line to defend this country. Today, we honor all of those who've added new chapters to that very proud legacy of selflessness and sacrifice.

On this Veterans Day I recall how, as a boy in California, I had the great privilege of greeting and thanking soldiers that were stationed near my home and destined to fight in World War II. In the years that followed, I knew veterans of the Korean War, who fought bravely in unimaginably difficult conditions.

During the Vietnam era, I served in the Army and I remember how our nation failed to fully recognize the costs and sacrifices made by those who served in that war. Our nation has learned from that failure, and as we mark the 50th anniversary of that war, we honor our Vietnam veterans for all they have done for our country.

The United States is now emerging from the longest continuous time of war in its history, and a new generation of veterans is returning home. They have carried a very heavy burden. They've dealt with multiple deployments, long separations from loved ones, and the tragic consequences of war. Some have sustained grievous, life-altering injuries, and they are dealing with significant challenges, both seen and unseen.

Our veterans are also much stronger because of their hard won experiences in the deserts of Iraq, the mountains of Afghanistan, and elsewhere around the world. They are leaders who take responsibility and initiative, who think independently, and who inspire others. They are trained to operate some of the world's most sophisticated technical equipment. Above all, they love the country that they've served so well in uniform, and they are already giving back to their communities here at home.

Over the next five years, more than one million service men and women will leave the armed services and transition back to civilian life. Some will finally be able to marry the person they love and start a family. Others will be reunited with husbands, wives, and children after years spent apart. By pursuing the dream of giving their children a better life, our nation's veterans will help shape the future of this country. They will be doctors and lawyers, teachers and nurses, mayors and members of Congress.

America owes each of our veterans – from every generation – gratitude and support. November is Military Family Month, a time for all Americans to do more to recognize and support the members of their community who have fought on our behalf. For those who are transitioning out of military service, in particular, we must do everything we can to help them find a job, start a business, or obtain a quality education. These veterans are national assets who stand ready to contribute to our economic recovery and to a stronger America.

Let us all renew our pledge to fight for those who fight for us with such bravery and distinction. In some small way, today and every day, find a way to thank a veteran. Nothing means more to them than knowing that their service and sacrifice is appreciated right here at home. Thanks to our veterans, the American dream is safe and secure for us and our children.

Thank you, and may God bless all Americans serving around the world in uniform.

CORALS AND CHEMICAL SIGNALS FOR HELP

Goby fish in the genus Gobiodon-the fish are common coral reef residents in Fiji.
Credit-Wikimedia Commons

FROM:  NATIONAL SCIENCE FOUNDATION

Coral Reef 911: Corals Attacked by Seaweed Use Chemical Signals to Summon Help
November 8, 2012
Corals under attack by toxic seaweed do what anyone might when threatened--they call for help.

Results reported this week in the journal Science show that threatened corals send signals to fish "bodyguards" that quickly respond to trim back noxious algae, which can kill the coral if not promptly removed.

Scientists at the Georgia Institute of Technology found evidence that these "mutualistic" fish respond to chemical signals from the coral in a matter of minutes, like a 911 emergency call.

The inch-long fish--known as gobies--spend their entire lives in the crevices of specific corals, receiving protection from their own predators while removing threats to the corals.

"These findings illustrate the complexity of coral reef systems," said David Garrison, program director in the National Science Foundation's Division of Ocean Sciences, which funded the research. "This newly discovered relationship may be a key factor in the resilience of some coral species."

The symbiotic relationship between fish and the coral on which they live is the first known example of one species chemically signaling a consumer species to remove competitors.

It is similar to the symbiotic relationship between Acacia trees and mutualist ants, in which the ants receive food and shelter while protecting the trees from both competitors and consumers.

"This species of coral is recruiting inch-long bodyguards," said Mark Hay, a biologist at Georgia Tech and co-author of the paper. "There is a careful and nuanced dance of odors that makes all this happen.

"The fish have evolved to cue on the odor released into the water by the coral, and they very quickly take care of the problem."

The research was part of a long-term study of chemical signaling on Fiji Island coral reefs. It was aimed at understanding these threatened ecosystems and discovering chemicals that may be useful as pharmaceuticals.

The importance of large herbivorous fish to maintaining the health of coral reefs has been known for some time. They control the growth of seaweeds that damage coral.

But Georgia Tech scientist Danielle Dixson, also a co-author of the paper, suspected that the role of the gobies might be more complicated.

To study that relationship, she and Hay set up a series of experiments to observe how the fish would respond when the coral that shelters them was threatened.

They studied Acropora nasuta, a species in a genus of coral important to reef ecosystems because it grows rapidly and provides much of the structure for reefs.

To threaten the coral, they moved filaments of Chlorodesmis fastigiata, a species of seaweed that is particularly chemically toxic to corals, into contact with the coral.

Within a few minutes of the seaweed touching the coral, two species of gobies--Gobidon histrio and Paragobidon enchinocephalus--moved toward the site of contact and began neatly trimming away the offending seaweed.

"These little fish would come out and mow the seaweed off so it didn't touch the coral," said Hay.

"This takes place very rapidly, which means it must be very important to both the coral and the fish. The coral releases a chemical and the fish respond right away."

In corals occupied by the gobies, the amount of offending seaweed declined 30 percent over a three-day period, and the amount of damage to the coral declined by 70 to 80 percent.

Control corals that had no gobies living with them had no change in the amount of toxic seaweed and were badly damaged by it.

To determine what was attracting the fish, Dixson and Hay collected samples of water from several locations: near the seaweed itself where the seaweed was contacting coral and from coral that had been in contact with the seaweed 20 minutes after the seaweed was removed.

They released the samples near other corals that hosted gobies, which were attracted to the samples taken from the seaweed-coral contact area and the damaged coral, but not the seaweed by itself.

"We demonstrated that the coral is emitting some signal or cue that attracts the fish to remove the encroaching seaweed," Hay said. "The fish are not responding to the seaweed itself."

Similar waters collected from a different species of coral placed in contact with the seaweed did not attract the fish, suggesting they were only interested in removing seaweed from their host coral.

Finally, the researchers obtained the chemical extract of the toxic seaweed and placed it onto nylon filaments designed to simulate the mechanical effects of seaweed.

They also created simulated seaweed samples without the toxic extract.

When placed in contact with the coral, the fish were attracted to areas in which the chemical-containing mimic contacted the coral, but not to the area contacting the mimic without the chemical.

By studying the contents of the fish digestive systems, the researchers learned that one species--Gobion histrio-- actually eats the noxious seaweed, while the other fish apparently bites it off without eating it.

In the former, consuming the toxic seaweed makes the fish less attractive to predators.

The two species of fish also eat mucus from the coral, as well as algae from the coral base and zooplankton from the water column. By defending the corals, the gobies are defending the home in which they shelter and feed.

"The fish are getting protection in a safe place to live and food from the coral," Hay said. "The coral gets a bodyguard in exchange for a small amount of food.

"It's kind of like paying taxes in exchange for police protection."

As a next step, Hay and Dixson plan to determine whether other species of corals and fish have similar symbiotic relationships.

The research was also supported by the National Institutes of Health and the Teasley Endowment at Georgia Tech.

-NSF-

BUCKLEY AIR FORCE BASE POWERS FORWARD TOWARD ENERGY GOALS

Space supports
Space Duty Technician Staff Sgt Cristina Kavanagh, deployed from Buckley Air Force Base, Colo., and Space Duty Officer 1st Lt. Tanya Frazier, deployed from F.E. Warren AFB, Wyo., provide space-based theatre ballistic warning to U.S. forces in the Southwest Asia theatre from the Combat Operations Space Cell inside the Combined Air Operations Center. They also run Global Positioning Satellite predictions to ensure GPS accuracy and support Personnel Recovery/Combat Search and Rescue missions when necessary via space support. (U.S. Air Force photo by Master Sgt. Scott Wagers)

FROM: U.S. AIR FORCE SPACE COMMAND
Buckley endeavors to meet, exceed energy goals
by Staff Sgt. Kali L. Gradishar
460th Space Wing Public Affairs

11/1/2012 - BUCKLEY AIR FORCE BASE, Colo. -- For a base with a main mission that requires immense power sources and an abundance of electricity, the task of reducing energy consumption is no easy feat. However, Buckley is on par with researching the latest and greatest in efficient technologies and implementing them if found cost effective.

"The Air Force is known for its innovation, and researchers and scientists in our labs are working diligently to help develop the game-changing technologies that will be essential to future operations," said Secretary of the Air Force Michael B. Donley at the National Clean Energy Summit 5.0 - Power of Choice in Las Vegas in August.

"Experts in the 460th Civil Engineer Squadron are doing their part as they research efforts in the commercial industry, new and improved technologies, and initiatives within Air Force Space Command," said Ken Webb, 460th CES energy manager. "They explore how much energy the technology saves and if such schemes are employable at Buckley. They also research how much it would cost to run and if the technology is cost effective."

All efforts to reduce Buckley's use of resources fall in line with requirements to reduce energy and water consumption.

"Per federal mandates and Defense Department guidance, we have to reduce energy (intensity) by 30 percent by 2015 and water (intensity) by 26 percent by 2020," Webb said. "That's an intensity metric. It's not necessarily a complete reduction. Since Buckley Air Force Base is growing - we get new base partners and we're also growing the mission - the goal is to build new energy-efficient facilities.

"By building low energy-intensity buildings," Webb noted, "we're being more responsible with the energy we consume."

Webb explained that Buckley is trying to exceed mandated goals to bolster command-wide achievements. Within AFSPC, Buckley accounts for four percent of energy usage.

"In terms of energy efficiency and intensity we're actually below the Air Force average, and we're one of the more energy efficient bases in Space Command currently," Webb said. "Our concern now is energy demand - reducing our consumption during peak periods."

Reducing peak-hour energy consumption can be especially important in a four-season state where residents see all types of weather. Buckley's location requires extra consideration for heating and cooling technology and costs to accommodate for both cold and hot temperatures.

"We see all temperature ranges, for the most part, so we have to be prepared for hot climates and cold climates," Webb explained. "That increases our workload. Geographical location makes us have to be more creative for renewable technologies."

Projects recently completed and those currently being implemented create a more energy-thrifty installation.

Solar panels topping some base buildings and a solar field supply a portion of the energy for the base. Programmed systems regulate temperatures during off times to reduce heating costs. Also, new LED lights now line Aspen Street. The rest of the 460th Space Wing parking lot and street lights will gradually follow suit.

"After replacing nearly 500 light fixtures on base, expected savings from the LED project alone reach $42,000 a year," Webb said. "With the solar panels, temperature regulation and LED lighting projects, you can find a lot of buildings have subtle technologies added to them."

Less subtle is the potential project to update the Buckley Exchange. Tested previously at shoppettes in the continental U.S., energy-minded professionals brainstormed and implemented ways to make the quick-stop shops less of an energy sponge.

"Estimated savings in the shoppettes was around 30 to 40 percent. They ended up receiving about 45 percent actual savings, and now they're rolling out those changes that they made to 270 or so shoppettes across the CONUS," Webb noted. "There is hope that if they get the same sort of results at the Buckley Exchange, we'll have one of the most efficient exchanges in the Air Force.

Another major project currently funded for design under the energy manager's scope is a geothermal system shared between 10 AFSPC facilities, a potential endeavor should it prove cost effective after design and analysis.

"Not only is it a shared geothermal system, it also shares the heating, ventilation and air conditioning system already installed," Webb explained. "It's developing five technologies into one project."
"We're still developing, so it's not 100 percent, but it's what we like to call our second generational projects. We're trying things that are more unique," Webb said. "We feel that the need to be creative on an already energy-efficient base is what we should be doing."

While there are a number of highly technical and large projects ongoing to decrease resource consumption, all Team Buckley members can contribute to consumption reduction efforts.

"Air Force driven initiatives are important, but it is critical to remember that Airmen play a key role in achieving our energy objectives," Donley said during the National Clean Energy Summit. "We will look to their continued creativity and focus on energy to obtain an assured energy advantage in air, space, and cyberspace."

Webb advises people to practice basic energy-saving habits such as turning off lights when not in the room and turning off monitors at the end of the day or when not in use. Offices should also consolidate appliances in the work center and consider replacing old, inefficient appliances if possible, he said. Using windows for lighting when feasible during the day can also reduce electricity usage.

"Additionally, people can report any deficient items, such as leaking water fixtures and improper lighting, their facility managers who then report to the 460th CES customer service. For example, a leaking toilet can waist more than 35,000 gallons, equating to approximately $400 per month," Webb added.

Across the board, the energy manager works with a team of professionals to ensure Buckley is taking the right steps to becoming as energy efficient as possible.

"We're looking at our mission operations and how we can do it more efficiently, and that's a big part of Air Force Space Command as a whole," Webb noted. "We know we can, but the question is how. That's the next big hurdle for us."